organisation

Created by

Isla

Cards (34)

specialised cell
have specific roles in the organism and are adapted to their function
sperm cell
tail to propel sperm
nucleus only contains 1 set of genetic material
mitochondria major site of respiration provides energy for its journey
have enzymes to digest there way through outer layer of ovum
ciliated cell
push and move mucus from one place to another
has a thin layer of tiny moving 'hairs' called cilia
red blood cells
no nuleus to fit more haemoglobin
concave shape
flexible so it can move through narrow blood vessels
root hair cell
long thin 'hair' extends from cell into soil to increase surface area
lots of mitochondria for active transport of minerals
each root has thousands of root hairs
xylem cell
dead cells joined end to end to form continuous tube
no cytoplasm
walls contain lignin for strengthening
phloem cells
tube like living cells joined end to end
they do have a cytoplasm which means the cells are living
tissues
group of cells with a similar structure and function, which all work together to carry out a role
organ
groups of different tissues which all work together to perform a specific job
organ system
groups of organs working together to do a particular job
what are enzymes
biological calatysts - speed up chemical reaction in living organisms
when do enzymes work best
at a specific temp and ph called the optimum
what is the lock and key theory
chemical that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock)
what are the digestive enzymes
protease, lipase and carbohydrase
where are digestive enzymes produced
lining of the gut
what do digestive enzymes do
catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules
how do you test for sugars  
add Benedict's reagent and heat in a water bath for 2 minutes. if sugar is present it'll go red
how do you test for protein
biuret reagent - purple if its present
amylase 
produced in salivary glands and pancreas
a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugar (maltose) which is then broken down into glucose
protease 
produced in stomach, pancreas and small intestine
breaks down proteins into amino acids
lipase  
produced in pancreas and small intestine
breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
where is bile made and stored
made in liver stored in gall bladder
what ph is bile
alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach
what is blood made out of
plasma
arteries
carries blood away from heart to organs
thick walls made from muscles and elastic fibres
carries oxygenated blood, except for pulmonary artery
veins
carries blood to heart from organs
thinner walls with valves to prevent backflow
carries deoxygenated blood apart from pulmonary vein
how does the heart pump blood around the body
in a double circulatory system
where does blood enter the heart from
atria
how is the heart rate controlled
by a group of cells located in the right atrium which act as pacemakers
gaseous exchange
heart sends blood to lungs through pulmonary artery
air obtained by breathing reaches lungs through trachea which has rings of cartilage to prevent it collapsing
trachea divides into 2 tubes - the bronchi
bronchi divides to form bronchioles
bronchioles divide until they end in tiny air sacs called alveoli
blood take back to heart through pulmonary vein
how are alveoli adapted to be efficient at exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
large, moist surface area
very rich blood supply
very close to blood capillaries so distance for gases to diffuse is small
health
state of physical and mental well being
casual mechanism
process by which a cause brings about an effect
how are nerve cells adapted
long axon carries electrical impulses
axon covered in myelin to speed up transmission of nerve impulses
end of axon have synapses which allows the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another
cell body has dendrites to increase surface area so other nerve cells can connect easier