one health approach

• One Health approach

  The collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working together, locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and environment
• One Health approach

  • Developing and strengthening the understanding of the spreading of zoonotic diseases (an infectious disease which is caused by a pathogen that jumps from a non-human to human)
  • Increasing public awareness of 'global health' to improve their own health
• The Trifecta of the One Health Model

  • Human Health
  • Animal Health
  • Environmental Health
• Human Health

  • Increasing overall physical/mental health of people
  • Reduced infection/illness, reduces potential spread of disease
• Animal Health

  • Increased animal infections, increase the risk of zoonotic disease event
  • Understanding the mechanism of infection, can reduce chance of infection
• Environmental Health

  • Improvements in global environmental hygiene/quality reduces vectors of infection
  • Maintenance of wild eco-systems and environments prevents negative human-animal contacts
• Antibiotics

  • Substances which has 'antimicrobial' properties against bacteria, used specifically to treat and prevent bacterial infection
  • Bactericides: Specifically kills bacteria
  • Bacteriostatics: Prevents the growth of bacteria
• Penicillin

  • The first recorded and mass-produced antibiotic molecule
  • Discovered in 1928 (Fleming) and purified in 1942 (Chain/Florey/Abraham)
• Penicillin – Mechanism of action

  1. Penicillin inhibits the completion of the biosynthesis of peptidoglycans: key structural component of the bacterial cell walls

  2. This reduces number of linker molecules within the cell walls

  3. This weakens the cell wall, and results in the cell being unable to regulate the flow of water into the cell (incorrect osmotic gradient formation)

  4. This results into cell lysis and cell death
• Antibiotic resistance

  • Natural Genetic Variation exists within the bacterial population for antibiotic resistance
  • Addition of multiple high doses of antibiotic are added. Dose is high enough to kill all bacteria within the system
  • Insufficient antibiotic added to the system, or doses are not sufficient to kill the most resistant bacteria. Surviving bacteria with the resistant trait survives to multiple. Increased antibiotic resistance now within the species
• Sources of Antibiotic resistance

  • Self-Medication
  • Livestock resistance
  • Gene Transfer
  • clinical misuse
  • disinfectants
  • environmental pollution
• Self-Medication

  • Mass usage, for unrelated diseases or in insufficient quantities to be effective
• Livestock resistance

  • Antibiotics are used as a preventative measure to decrease the likelihood of infection and to act as a growth supplement
  • This excessive usage of antibiotics increases the resistance of bacteria within their bodies -> these bacteria can spread into meat and animal products
  • Humans are then exposed to this food-borne diet and this can cause additional infections
• gene transfer