Travel and Tourism

• Build attractions


  Most are purpose built and visited for entertainment

  Art galleries, museums, zoos etc
• Natural attractions


  Natural features of the landscape of environment

  Often visited to relax

  Free to visit

  Beaches, caves, forests, lakes etc
• Factors affecting global travel and tourism- Media 


  Locations in films/shows become popular and visitor numbers increase

  Positive: generates lots of positive publicity

  Negative: bad reputations due to media coverage
• Factors affecting global travel and tourism- Safety and security 


  Airport safety: Screening luggage/individuals, passport checks

  Safety guidance: FCO gives guidance on safety and security. It advises which countries are safe to travel to

  Personal safety: Theft, getting lost, accidents
• Factors affecting global travel and tourism- Health risks


  Precautions: getting vaccinations, wear insect repellent, drink bottled water, wash hands

  Travel insurance: Medical bills paid, claim money back if they get ill, helps them get home if they have a severe problem
• Pandemic


  Worldwide spread of a new disease
• Endemic 


  Regularly occurring in a specific area or community
• Epidemic


  A sudden disease outbreak that spread quickly and affects a large number in an area
• Yellow fever


  Caused by mosquito bites

  Causes high fever and nausea

  Can be prevented with a vaccination
• Malaria


  Caused by mosquito bites

  Causes high fever and nausea

  Can be prevented with insect repellents and nets
• Noro virus 


  Caused by direct contact

  Causes a fever and nausea

  Can be prevented by washing hands
• Cholera 


  Caused by contaminated/dirty water

  Causes vomiting and diarrhoea

  Can be treated with antibiotics
• Typhoid 


  Caused by contaminated food/drinks

  Causes diarrhoea and fevers

  Can be treated with antibiotics
• Zika virus


  Caused by mosquito bites

  Causes rash and joint pain

  Can be prevented with insect repellent and nets
• Bird flu 


  Caused by contact through birds

  Causes sore eyes and breathing difficulties

  Can be treated with antiviral medication
• Travel and tourism organisations responses to factors 


  Reviewing destinations- review and add new destinations when necessary

  Adapting and developing new products and services

  Adapting operational procedures- identify where they could improve

  Reviewing pricing structures- maintain visitors
• Government responses to factors 


  Travel restrictions

  Promoting a positive image

  Encouraging employment

  Introducing security measures
• Voluntary organisations responses to factors 


  Raising funds

  Raising awareness of issues

  Play an important roles in: preserving historic buildings, promote sustainable tourism, provide emergency support to destinations affected by major events
• Social impacts on tourism


  Positive: access to facilities, improved quality of life, cultural awareness, improved transport and infrastructure

  Negative: Disruption of everyday life, increased crime, loss of culture
• Economic impacts on tourism


  Positive: Employment opportunities, positive multiplier effect, training and education, foreign currency earnings

  Negative: Low paid jobs, seasonal unemployment, increased cost of living, leakage
• Environmental impacts on tourism


  Positive: Conservation, education, regeneration

  Negative: Pollution, erosion, traffic congestion, overcrowding
• Managing social impacts


  How to behave and dress appropriately- behave in public, dress modestly, not openly kissing in public

  Avoiding conflict- follow photography rules, learn cultural mannerisms, try to fit in, respect local culture and religion

  Reducing negative impacts of behaviour- deter people with police, local services wasting time with drunk tourists, can lead to a poor reputation

  Showing respect for traditions/religion- enhance experiences, educating people on cultures, welcomed and encouraged to get involved
• How infrastructure development can benefit locals- Transport


  Locals can get to work more quickly and easily

  Will attract more visitors
• How infrastructure development can benefit locals- Telecommunications networks


  Good wifi connection helps locals to access products, jobs, trade etc

  Tourists can share pictures of their experiences
• How infrastructure development can benefit locals


  Water an sewerage systems

  Power supply

  Buildings
• Benefits of partnership projects

  Increase profits and money earned from tourism

  Jobs created

  Improved visitor experience

  Alternate source of income for locals

  Less risk to the environment (conservation)
• TALC model- Exploration


  Tourism is on a very small scale and low key

  Usually because of something unique
• TALC model- Involvement

  Local population begins to respond to the needs of visitors by introducing local amenities (hotels/restaurants etc)
• TALC model- Development

  Tour operators notice the potential

  Visitor number rises

  Locals are promoted as a tourist destination
• TALC model- Consolidation


  Tourism becomes part of the area and locals are employed in the industry. Tourism grows steadily

  Some destinations may be at risk of becoming unattractive
• TALC model- Stagnation


  Visitor numbers begins to drop, often due to negative image of destination.

  Leads to lack of business for locals
• TALC model- Decline


  Visitor numbers dropping

  People visit because it is cheap

  Area becomes run down and small hotels begin to close
• TALC model- Rejuvenation


  An investment to smarten up local features and reinvent to destination to attract visitors
• Emerging destinations


  Grown in popularity over the last ten years and have seen a growth rate of over 4%

  Characteristics:

  Low volume of visitors

  Underdeveloped transport links

  Unspoiled natural/cultural features
• Mature destinations


  Have been popular for well over 20 years and have seen tourism develop over time

  Characteristics:

  Mass tourism

  Good transport links

  Conflict between locals and tourists
• Advantages of partnerships


  Shared resources, skills and expertise

  New ideas

  Shared costs

  Increased publicity and profit
• Disadvantages of partnerships


  Conflicting aims and priorities

  Less flexibilities

  Slows down decision making

  Difficulty responding to change
• Destination management organisations (DMO)


  Organisations that promote, manage and help to develop tourism in the area
• Benefits of DMO's


  Raising the profile of a destination

  Launching new products

  Marketing

  Funding and sponsorships
• Reasoning governments may have for developing tourism- travel restrictions


  If they're overwhelmed by tourism (too many negative impacts)

  Safety and security