3A

• Universal Testing Machine, also called as TENSILE TESTER, COMPRESSIVE TESTER, MATERIAL TESTING MACHINE, OR MATERIALS TEST FRAME. It is used to test mechanical properties.
• Tinius Olsen is a Norwegian-born American engineer and inventor. He invented the first testing machine in 1880 called "Little Giant".
• Components of Universal Testing Machine

  1. Loading Unit
  2. Control Unit
• Components of Loading Unit:

  1. Load Frame
  2. Upper and Lower Crosshead
  3. Elongation Scale
• Load frame is the single or double support.
• Upper Crosshead is used to clamp one end of the test specimen.
• Lower Crosshead is a movable crosshead whose screws can be loosened for height and adjustment of the lower and upper table.
• Elongation Scale measures the relative movement of the lower and upper table.
• Components of Control Unit:

  1. Hydraulic Power Unit
  2. Load Measuring Unit
  3. Control Devices
• Hydraulic Power Unit is an oil pump that provides non-pulsating oil flow into the main cylinder of the load unit.
• Load Measuring Unit- has a pendulum dynamometer unit that has a small cylinder with a piston which moves with the non-pulsating oil flow.
• Electric- make use of switch
• Hydraulic- consists of two valves:

  1. Right Control Valve - apply load
  2. Left Control Valve - release load
• Functions of Universal Testing Machine:

  1. Tensile Test
  2. Compressive Test
  3. Bending Stress
  4. Peel Test
  5. Puncture Test
• Tensile Test determines the force needed to pull the specimen apart along with how much the material stretches before it breaks.
• Compression Test is a test where you compress an object until a certain load or distance has been reached or the product breaks.
• Bending Stress or also known as Flexural Test. This test measures the material's strength in flexure, also known as its flexural strength, as well as its stiffness, indicated by the flexural modulus.
• Peel Test, also known as adhesion test, so known as adhesion testing It involves pulling apart two materials that have been bonded together. It is used to assess the strength of the bond between the materials.
• Puncture Test is a test wherein a circular section of material is securely clamped around its perimeter, and a puncture probe is brought down from above to press against the material until it punctures