foundation biology paper 1

Created by

oscar padgett

Cards (99)

What are the structures of an animal cell? 
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.
What are the structures of a plant cell? 
All structures from animal cells and cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts.
What does the nucleus do?
Stores DNA and directs all cellular activities.
What is the cytoplasm do? 
Where most chemical reactions take place.
What does the cell membrane do? 
Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out.
What is the mitochondria? 
Powerhouse of the cell where aerobic respiration takes place.
What are ribosomes? 
site of protein synthesis
What is the cell wall? 
Found on the outside of plant cells, it is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell.
What is the permanent vacuole? 
Found in plant cells, it helps support the cell.
What are chloroplasts? 
Site of photosynthesis.
Do all plant cells have chloroplasts?
No.
What are the two main type of cell?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
What cells are eukaryotic?
Plant, animal and fungal cells
What cell is prokaryotic?
bacteria
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic cells are smaller, do not contain a nucleus genetic material is instead in a single DNA loop and they contain small rings called plasmids.
What is a typical bacterial cell?
Cytoplasm which takes over job of mitochondria and chloroplasts, may be a flagella, plasmids are present.
What is a light microscope? 
A microscope that uses a series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify an image. This microscope magnifies images up to 1,000 times the actual size.
What is a electron microscope? 
a microscope with high magnification and resolution, employing electron beams in place of light and using electron lenses.
What is the formula for magnification? 
Magnification = image size / real size
What is cell division?
Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
Where are chromosomes found?
nucleus of a cell
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
What happens before cell division?
The cell copies all of its DNA
What are stem cells?
undifferentiated cells
Where are stem cells found? 
In early human embryos
What are stem cells from human embryos called?
embryonic stem cells
What is therapeutic cloning? 
An embryo could be made to have the same genetic information as the patient
The stem cells produced from it would also contain the same genes - they wouldn't be rejected by the patient's body if used to replace faulty cells
Where are stem cells found in plants? 
Meristems
Why are people concerned about using stem cells from cloned embryos?
Viral infection and religious/ethical objections
What is diffusion? 
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Why does diffusion happen? 
Because the particles move randomly and spread out.
What are factors affecting the rate of diffusion? 
-The concentration gradient - the higher it is, the faster the rate of diffusion.

-The thickness of the exchange surface - the thinner the exchange surface, the faster the rate.

-The surface area - the larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion.

-The temperature - the warmer it is, the faster the rate of diffusion because the particles have more kinetic energy so they move faster.
What is osmosis? 
diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane
What is active transport? 
Movement of substances against a concentration gradient from a low area to and high area of concentration.
What processes allow molecules to move? 
Diffusion, osmosis, active transport.
What processes is movement down a concentration gradient? 
Diffusion and osmosis.
What processes always involve movement of water?
Osmosis.
What processes need energy for respiration? 
Active transport.
What are specialised cells?
Cells that carry out a specific function.
What happens as a cell differentiates?
It may change shape and different sub-cellular structures develop to let it carry out a specific function.