World Issues: Unit 3 Test (May 3)

• Birth Rate


  Number of births per 1000 people
• Birth rate has declined
• Birth rate formula


  Number of births/population x 1000
• Death Rate


  Number of deaths per 1000 people
• Death rate formula


  Number of deaths/population x 1000
• Natural Increase Rate


  Birth rate - death rate x 1000
• Migration Rate


  • Moving into or out of a country
  • Immigration rate - emigration rate x 1000
• Population Growth Rate


  Natural increase rate + net migration rate
• Fertility Rate


  The fertility rate measures the amount of children a singular woman has. The primary age range measured is 15-49.
• Dependency Load


  • Demographers (those that study population) identify three distinct stages; children (under 15), working adults (15-64), and older adults (65+)
  • The assumption is that children and older adults do not work and the working population supports both groups.
• Population Pyramid


  • To visualize two variables: age and sex
  • Shows the distribution of ages across a population divided down the center between male and female members of the population
  • Youngest at the bottom to oldest at the top
  • Compare differences between male and female populations of an area as well, they also show the number of dependents (children and, sometimes, elderly people) and general structure of the population at any given moment
• Population pyramid shapes


  • Early expanding
  • Expanding
  • Stable
  • Decreasing & contracting
• Early Expanding


  High birth rate, high death rate, large # of children, fewer older (65+) adults
• Expanding


  High birth rate, low death rate, large # of children, large # of adults, large #f older (65+) adults
• Stable


  Low birth rates, low death rates, will not see any "drastic"/or "sharp" change unless something unique or significant happens
• Decreasing & Contracting


  Low birth rates/fertility rates significantly slow down, large older population means an increasing or eventual increasing mortality rate
• Demographic Transition Model


  • Understanding the gradual change of a population
  • Demographers have stated that there are 5 stages of population transition
• Stage 1 (Pre Transition)


  High birth rates & high death rates
• Stage 2 (Early Transition)


  High birth rates & significant drop in death rates (result = population explosion)
• Stage 3 (Late Transition)


  The birth and death rates drop (seen as countries enter into an urban landscape, attitudes in family planning has changed)
• Stage 4 (Post Transition)


  Birth rate and death rate stabilize at nearly the same percentage point
• Stage 5 (Not yet named)


  Death rate surpasses birth rate for many countries - first decline in decades
• Global Commons


  • Includes conservation and biodiversity
  • Resources we need to survive, thrive, prosper
  • 5 categories: atmosphere, high seas, Antarctica, outer space, Arctic
  • Rooted in economics and geopolitics
  • Anything the globalized community shares
• Tragedy of the Commons


  • Deforestation, overfishing, pollution, population growth
  • The ruination of global commons (shared and globalized resources)
• Carbon tax


  Taxed on carbon emissions from production of goods and services
• Microplastics


  • Found in food, water, air
  • Micro sized plastic debris
• Extended producer responsibility


  Policy approach in which producers – the businesses that supply packaging and paper – are responsible for the end-of-life management of their materials.
• Linear economy


  Goes to the landfill
• Circular economy


  Reused multiple times
• Canada has falling fertility rates (less babies) but living longer (less deaths) therefore we have a higher dependency load + massive waves of immigration has allowed us to become the fastest growing nation in the G8
• The world's population in 1950 was 2.5 billion, today it is 8 billion (as of 2022)
• Population pyramid shapes


  • Expanding
  • Stable
  • Declining
• Challenges facing population growth in the future globally include poverty, hunger, housing crises, education system development, equality
• The 2030 agenda for sustainable development
• China is experiencing a decline in population
• Governments controlling population growth


  • The Chinese government is a classic example of controlling population growth
  • Offered incentives to limit children, now that the population is declining they may have to start prompting a higher fertility/birth rate to increase/maintain population again
• Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

  • Pre transition(high death, high birth)
  • Early transition
  • Late transition
  • Post transition
  • Stage 5
• Criteria for prioritizing international aid and development efforts


  Population growth rate compared to economic and political status
• Lower fertility rates


  Higher economic development
• An ageing population means the dependency load will increase and the industry will be lacking new and young people entering the workforce