Urban Policy

• Urban policy


  strategies chosen to develop urban areas

  * relates to strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas + reduce urban problems

  1. 1979-1991

  2. 1991-1997

  3. 1997-2000

  4. 2011-Present
• Over the years what strategies have been used as urban policies:


  1. Regeneration since 1980- early strategies- 'top-down' economic regeneration

  2. Now (modern) holistic approach- 'bottom-up', social environmental and economic
• 1971-91


  emphasis given to property- led initiatives + creation of an entrepenuerial culture

  * top-down regeneration

  * involved private sector regeneration

  * involved local businesses

  * e.g. enterprise zones

  * e.g. Urban development cooporations such as London Docklands

  + created jobs

  + attracted investment

  - didn't involve locals

  - social problems are still evident
• 1991-97


  partnership schemes and comparison led policy

  * local led- Bottom up

  * aimed to tackle social problems

  * partnership between local people, local governement + businesses

  * e.g. City challenge

  + local people

  - money was not fairly divided
• 1997-2000


  area based initiatives

  * focus on narrowing the gap on social + economic indicators

  * e.g. Regional development agencies
• 2011-Present


  devolving responsibilities to cities in England

  * encouraging the local area to take responsibility for their initiative

  * e.g. City deal such as Manchester

  + improved a large number of areas + is continued to be used

  -more money is still needed

  -need to get results to get more money