Oral Communication

• channel 


  medium of communication
• physical noise 


  factors outside of the receiver that may distract the listener
• physiological noise


  inferences related to the communicators biological factors
• psychological noise


  mental distractions
• semantic noise 


  incorrect use of grammar..
• Intrapersonal communication


  Communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of the message
• Interpersonal communication


  Communication between and among people that establishes personal relationships
• Types of Interpersonal Communication


  • Dyad Communication
  • Small Group
• Dyad Communication


  • You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate
  • You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down
• Public communication


  Communication that requires you to deliver or send a message before or in front of a group, driven by informational or persuasive purposes
• Mass communication


  Communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media
• Intimate speech style


  Private, occurs between or among close family members or individuals, do not care about grammar or pronunciation, may give meaning to certain words that only they know, shorten sentences or just look at each other and already understand
• Casual speech style


  Common among peers and friends, use jargon, slang, or vernacular language, assume listener knows a lot about what they are talking about
• Consultative speech style


  Standard conversational style, use professional or mutually acceptable language, observe listener's verbal and non-verbal cues for feedback, used in communication between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and constituents
• Formal speech style


  Used in formal settings, one-way, require speaker to plan speech or utterances in advance, provide information speaker thinks listeners need, used in sermons, State of the Nation Address, formal speeches, pronouncements by judges
• Frozen speech style


  Very formal style not really intended to give a particular message but to allow a reader to find many meanings, exists as literature for a given community, mostly occurs in ceremonies, examples are Preamble to the Constitution, Lord's Prayer, Allegiance to country or flag
• Speech act


  An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect
• Locutionary act


  The speaking part of the speech act, the literal meaning of the utterance
• Illocutionary act


  The social function that the utterance or the written text has
• Perlocutionary act


  The resulting act of what is said, based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned
• Types of illocutionary acts


  • Assertive
  • Directive
  • Commissive
  • Expressive
  • Declaration
• Assertive


  A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition
• Directive


  A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action
• Commissive


  A type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future
• Expressive


  A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions
• Declaration


  A type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation, causing the state of affairs which they refer to
• Communication strategies


  Ways or means of sharing information adapted to achieve a particular purpose or objective
• Nomination


  A strategy used to start, initiate, or continue communication by establishing the topic in a clear and comprehensive manner
• Restriction


  A strategy that involves impeding the response of the other parties, limiting them to responding only within a set of categories or time constraint
• Topic control


  A strategy that emphasizes keeping to the topic throughout the discussion, facilitating continuous communication
• Topic shifting


  A strategy used when moving from one topic to another, when the discussion of one topic is finished or another relevant topic should be introduced
• Turn taking


  A strategy used when one is dominating or moderating the communication, giving participants chances to speak in turn
• Repair


  A strategy used when a message is not understood by the listeners, to overcome communication barriers and send more comprehensible messages
• Termination


  A strategy that ends the interaction, using close-initiating expressions through verbal and non-verbal cues
• control


  communication functions to control behaviour
• social inreraction


  communication allows individuals to interact with others. fosters the feeling of oness in a society by exposing the various social groups to different views
• motivation


  communication motivates or encourages people to live better
• emotional expression


  communication facilitates peoples experession of their feelings and emotions
• information dissemination 


  communication functions to convey information
• developmental model of intercultural sensitivity


  offers a structure that explores how people experience cultural differences