Science quarter 4 exam reviewer

• Salivary glands


  Composed of serbus cells and mucous cells
• Chyme


  Created in the stomach
• Hydrochloric acid


  Secreted by parietal cells of the stomach
• Pepsinogen


  Digestive enzyme secreted by chief cells of the stomach
• Amylase


  Enzyme that helps digest a meal high in complex carbohydrates
• Gastric juice


  Liquid including hydrochloric acid and pepsin responsible for chemical digestion of protein in the stomach
• Catabolic reactions splitting large molecules

  Chemical digestion
• Layers of alimentary canal wall


  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
• Functions of saliva


  • Dissolves food chemically so they can be tasted
  • Cleanses the mouth
  • Contains enzymes that begin breakdown
  • Moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus
• Kidney is not part of the digestive system
• Microvilli


  Absorptive agent found inside the small intestine
• Depletion is not an essential activity in the digestive system
• Absorption


  Ends in the small intestine
• Digestive system


  Assembles the breaking of food into smaller fragments
• Ingestion


  Taking food into the digestive tract, usually via the mouth
• Stomach is not an accessory organ of the digestive system
• Esophagus


  Tube leading from mouth through throat to stomach
• Mouth


  Also known as the oral cavity
• Absorbing oxygen is not a function of saliva
• Sugar


  Carbohydrate that begins chemical digestion in the mouth
• Epiglottis


  Organ that prevents food/drink from entering the trachea
• Bolus


  Moist ball of chewed food and saliva
• Protein


  One of three basic food types needed for building and repair of tissue
• Chyme


  Pulpy mixture of food and gastric juices produced in the stomach
• Esophageal sphincter


  Sphincter between esophagus and stomach
• Pepsin


  Enzyme in stomach that breaks down protein
• Ulcer


  Small hole in stomach lining where gastric juice begins to digest the stomach wall
• Fiber

  An indigestible carbohydrate such as cellulose that stimulates peristalsis in the intestine
• Enamel


  Part of tooth that bears the force of chewing
• Hydrolysis


  The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule
• Alleles


  Alternate form of a gene
• Only one dominant allele is needed in order for that trait to be expressed in the phenotype
• Which of the following genotypes is homozygous recessive


  rr
• The genotype TT is

  Homozygous dominant
• Genotype bb is


  Heterozygous
• Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). Channing Tatum has brown eyes. What is his genotype

  BB or Bb
• Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). Assume Mr. Ward is homozygous dominant for brown eyes. What is his son's phenotype

  Brown eyes
• Free earlobes (E) are dominant over attached earlobes (e). Ms. Palmeri's phenotype is free earlobes and her genotype is heterozygous (Ee). Which statementa is true


  At least one of her parents has free earlobes
• The previous question is a direct application of which of Mendel's laws

  Law of homozygous dominance
• Mitosis

  • If a cell wants to make a duplicate of itself, it first must copy its DNA (part of a chromosome)
  • The copies then must be separated and sorted into two sides of the cell
  • The cell then splits in two. Part of each parent is carried to the two new cells
  • Results in cells such as internal organs, skin, bones, blood, etc.