drrm

• First Aid and Crisis Management


  Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction
• Prof. Jericho Ruiz Medina, RN, BSN


  National Lecturer & Reviewer for Philippine Licensure Examinations
• Priorities of EMERGENCY/FIRST AID/ CRISIS management


  • To preserve live / save life
  • To prevent deterioration before more definitive treatment can be done / prepare patient for definitive care
  • To restore the patient to useful living / minimize disability
• TRIAGE


  Sorting of clients based on the severity of health problems, hierarchy based on the potential for life loss
• Field Triage Color Coding


  • Red= immediate, life threatening
  • Yellow= delayed, significant injuries
  • Green= minimal, minor injuries
  • =expectant, extensive injuries or dead
• ASSESSMENT


  1. PRIMARY SURVEY: A airway, B breathing, C circulation, D disability, E expose

  2. SECONDARY SURVEY: Complete History and PE, Diagnostic and laboratory testing, ECG, Arterial lines, urinary catheters, Splinting of suspected fractures, Cleaning and dressing of wounds, other necessary interventions
• GLASCOW COMA SCALE


  15 Highest score
• EMERGENCY & DISASTER MANAGEMENT


  A depressed condition of many body functions due to the failure of enough blood to circulate throughout the body following serious injury
• Causes of Shock


  • Severe Bleeding
  • Infection
  • Heart Attack
  • Perforation
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Shell Bomb and Bullet Wounds
  • Rupture of Tubal Pregnancies
  • Crushing Injury
  • Starvation
• Factors which contribute to shock


  • Pain
  • Rough Handling
  • Improper Handling
  • Continuous Bleeding
  • Exposure to extreme cold or excessive heat
  • Fatigue
• Dangers of Shock


  • Lead to Death
  • Predisposes body to infection
  • Lead to loss of Body part
• Early Stage Signs and Symptoms of Shock


  • Face– pale or cyanotic in color
  • Skin– Cold and clammy
  • Breathing– irregular
  • Pulse– rapid and weak
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Weakness and Thirsty
• Late Stage Signs and Symptoms of Shock


  • Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression
  • Pupils are dilated
  • Blood vessels may be congested, producing mottled appearance
  • Blood pressure becomes very low level
  • Unconsciousness may occur, body temperature falls
• Objectives of First Aid


  • To improve circulation of blood
  • To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen
  • To maintain normal body temperature
• First Aid and Preventive Management


  • Proper Position
  • Proper body heat
  • Proper Transfer
• Types of Shock


  • Anaphylactic
  • Hypovolemic
  • Cardiogenic
  • Neurogenic
  • Metabolic
  • Septic
  • Psychogenic (fainting)
• Wound


  A break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external
• Two Classifications of Wounds


  • Closed Wound
  • Open Wound
• Classification of Open Wound


  • Puncture
  • Abrasion
  • Laceration
  • Avulsion
  • Incision
• Kinds of Bleeding


  • Arterial Bleeding
  • Venous Bleeding
  • Capillary Bleeding
• First Aid Management for Wound with Severe Bleeding


  • Control Bleeding
  • Cover the wound
  • Care for Shock
  • Consult or refer to Physician
• Types of Open Wounds


  • Laceration
  • Avulsion
  • Abrasion
  • Hematoma
  • Stab Wound
  • Gun-shot Wound
• Wound Management


  • wound cleansing
  • wound closure
  • primary closure
  • delayed primary closure
  • antibiotics
• Abdominal Injuries


  • Bleeding
  • Intra-abdominal injuries
  • Penetrating abdominal injuries
  • Blunt Abdominal Injury
• Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries


  • Muscle Cramp (Spasm)
  • Muscle Strain/Pulled muscle
  • Sprain
  • Dislocation
  • Fractures
• Muscle Cramp (Spasm)


  Sudden, painful tightening of a muscle
• First Aid Management for Muscle Cramp


  1. Have the victim stretch out the affected muscle

  2. Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently

  3. Apply heat; Moist heat is more effective than dry heat

  4. Get medical help if cramps persist
• Muscle Strain/Pulled muscle


  Sudden painful tearing of the muscle fibers during exertion
• Signs and Symptoms of Muscle Strain


  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Bruising
  • Loss of efficient movement
• First Aid Management for Muscle Strain


  1. Apply cold Compress at once

  2. Elevate the injured limb

  3. Rest the pulled muscles for 24 hours

  4. Get Medical help
• Sprain


  Torn fibers in a ligaments
• Signs and Symptoms of Sprain


  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Bruising
• First Aid Management for Sprain


  1. Remove all clothing or jewelry around the joint

  2. Apply cold compress at once

  3. Elevate the affected joint

  4. The victim's Physician may recommend an OTC anti inflammatory medication
• Dislocation


  Displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint
• Fractures


  Break in bone continuity
• Assessment of Fractures


  • Pain
  • Circulatory disturbance
  • Ecchymosis
  • Swelling
  • Crepitation
• Emergency management of Fractures


  1. Priority = Bleeding and Fat Embolism

  2. POSITION TO THE LEFT

  3. BLEEDING = STOP

  4. Immobilize (splint) to prevent further injury

  5. Check for other DISABILITY
• Types of Heat Emergencies


  • Heat Cramps
  • Heat Exhaustion
  • Heat Stroke
• Heat Cramps


  Muscular pain and spasm due to largely loss of salt from the body during sweating or inadequate intake of salt
• Signs and Symptoms of Heat Cramps


  • Muscle cramps (abdomen/legs)
  • Heavy perspiration
  • Lightheadedness; weakness