AO1

• Define attachment

  strong reciprocal emotional bond between the child and their primary caregiver
• Define reciprocity:

  There must be a two way bond between the mother and the infant for an attachment to form successfully
• Who demonstrated reciprocity?

  Brazelton et al
• Define interactional synchrony:

  When the infant and primary caregiver becomes synchronised in their interactions
• What did Codon and Sander (1974) state about interactinal synchrony?

  Said that children can synchronise movements with the sound of an adults voice
• What did Brazelton et al demonstrate in interactional synchrony?

  Young infants can copy the displayed distintive facial expressions or gestures
• What are the stages of attachment identified by schaffer?

  • Asocial
  • Indiscriminate attachment
  • Specific
  • Multiple
• What are the animal studies of attachment?

  • Lorenz - geese
  • Harlow - monkey
• What was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson's study

  To identify stages of attachment and find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
• Participants in the Schaffer and Emerson study

  60 babies from Glascow all from the same estate
• What were the three things Schaffer and Emerson looked for?

  • Separation anxiety
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Social referencing
• What were the limiations to Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  • Lacked population validity
  • Lacked internal validity - diary
  • Asocial stage can't be studied objectively
• What is the role of the father in attachment according to Bowlby's theory?

  Provide a secure base and act as a caregiver who offers protection and support
• Describe the key findings of Schaffer and Emerson's study regarding the role of the father:

  Fathers become the priomary attachment figure by the age of 18 months and associated with play and stimulation
• What's the learning theory in explaining attachment?

  • Behaviourist explanation that suggests attachement develops through classical and operant conditioning
  • It is sometimes referred to as a cupboard love theory, as the infant attaches to the caregiver who provides the food.
• What are the key assumtpions of Bowlbys monotropic theory of attachment?

  Proposes that infants are biologially predisposed to form a bond (monotropy) with one primry attachment figure which serves as a base for exploration and provides emotional security
• Acoording to Bowlby whats the critical period for attachment formation?

  Occurs within the first few years of life, during which infants are most sensitive to forming attachments and developing internal working models of relationships
• Whats secure attachment

  • Infant shows some separation anxietuy but easily soother when parent returns
  • Plays independently and uses parents as a base
  • 65%
• Whats insecure resistant attachment?

  • Distressed and tries to follow parents when they leave
  • When returned switches from seeking and rejection social interaction and intimacy with them
  • Doesn't really explose new environments
  • 3%
• Whats insecure avoidant attachment?

  • No separation or stranger anxiety
  • Shows frustration towards carer and avoids social interactions/intimacy
  • 20%
• What are the limitations to Ainsworths Strange situation?

  • Only measured the relationship with one attachment figure
  • Ethical issues - all babies cried
  • Lacks population validity
  • Lacks ecological validity
• Who researched cultural variations in attachment?

  
  

  • Van Izjensoorn - 8 countries
  • Simonella et al - Italy
  • Jin et al - Korea
• What research did Bowlby perform to study the effects of maternal deprivation?

  • 44 juvenile thieve
  • 14 displayed signs of affectionless psychopathy
  • 12 suffered maternal deprovation during criticap period
• What were the two studies investigating the effects of instutionalisation?


  • Rutter et al - romanian orphans
  • Hodges and Tizard - 65 british infants to adolesence
• Whats the aim of Rutter et al's Romanian orphanage study?

  To investigate the effects of institutionalisan in a group of 165 romanian orphans
• Name the procedure of Rutter et al's research:

  • 165 romanian orphans
  • Assessed at 4,6 and 11 in terms of psychological, emotional and phsyical development
  • Compared to 50 adopted in Britain as a control group
• Who supported Rutter et als research?

  • Zeanah et al
  • Demonstated that 65% of their sample of 95 orphans displayed sifns of disorganised attachments compared to the 20% of the healthy non-deprived control group
• How does a child's internal working model lead to the development of an attachment disorder

  If they experience abuse or neglect in their childhood, they may grow up to resist or reject intimacy in their aduts relationships; also leads to a lack of responsiveness or excessive over-familiarity