APHG Unit 4

• State


  A geographic area that has a permanent population, defined borders, a sovereign government, and is recognized by other states
• Nation


  A group of people with a shared culture, history, homeland, and a desire to govern themselves
• Self-determination


  A crucial aspect of a nation's identity, referring to their right or desire to self-govern
• Nation-state


  A self-governing state with a relatively uniform population, typically sharing a common language, culture, and history
• Multinational state


  A state that consists of multiple nations within its borders, each with their own distinct identities and traditions
• Multi-state nation


  A nation that exists across multiple states
• Stateless nation


  A nation with a history of self-determination but no officially recognized state
• Autonomous region


  A region within a state that enjoys a certain level of independence, with its own government and a high degree of self-rule
• Semi-autonomous region


  A region controlled by another state but granted only a moderate degree of self-governance, with the controlling state retaining the authority to intervene
• Colonialism


  The practice of acquiring territories and settling there to exert political, economic, and social control over the area
• Imperialism


  The idea of growing a state or empire by exerting force over other nations to gain economic and political power, without establishing settlements
• Decolonization


  The process by which colonies gain independence from their colonizers
• Devolution


  The transfer of political power from a central government to a regional government
• Territoriality


  The tendency to establish and defend a specific geographic area, expressed through various means
• Neocolonialism


  The indirect use of political, cultural, or economic power to influence or control another country
• Shatter belt


  A region where countries or people are subject to the political, cultural, and economic pressure from external powers that are in conflict with each other
• Choke point


  A geographic area that has to be passed in order to reach a destination, which can be controlled by countries to exert their influence and power
• Defining a boundary


  The first step, where the boundary line is agreed upon and set
• Delimiting a boundary


  When the boundary line is drawn on a map and physically marked
• Demarcating a boundary


  When the boundary is marked with permanent physical markers to show where the boundary is
• Geometric boundary


  A boundary that uses straight lines and follows the lines of latitude and longitude
• Antecedent boundary


  A boundary that existed before human settlement or the creation of the cultural landscape, often determined by local geography
• Relic boundary


  A boundary that is no longer officially recognized but still affects the cultural landscape
• Demarcation


  When the boundary is marked with permanent physical markers which could be in the form of a wall sign or other physical item to show where the boundary is
• Geometric boundary


  • Boundary that uses straight lines and follows the lines of latitude and longitude
  • Example: the 49th parallel that forms the border between Canada and the United States
• Antecedent Boundaries


  • Boundaries that existed before human settlement or the creation of the cultural landscape
  • Often determined by local geography and not influenced by cultural groups or the cultural landscape
  • Example: the boundary between Argentina and Chile which is formed by a mountain range
• Relic boundary


  • Boundary that is no longer officially recognized but still affects the cultural landscape
  • Example: the Berlin Wall which separated East and West Germany
• Superimposed boundary


  • Boundary created by an external power or state without consideration for the needs and wants of the local communities, ethnic groups or linguistic characteristics of an area
  • Prioritizes the interests of foreign states rather than the needs of those who inhabited the region
  • Example: the boundaries for nearly all African states established at the Berlin Conference
• Subsequent boundary


  • Boundary that develops along with the development of the cultural landscape
  • Example: the majority of Europe's boundaries
• Consequent boundary


  • Type of subsequent boundary created to separate various ethnic, religious or linguistic groups
  • Example: the border between Pakistan and India
• No-man's land


  Geographic area where no state has direct power or control over
• International boundary


  • Boundary that separates one sovereign state from another
  • Established through treaties and agreements between neighboring states
  • Establishes legal and political connections between a state and a geographic area
• Internal boundary


  • Boundary that separates different regions within a single state
  • Often established by the state's government
  • Used to help distribute power throughout a state and ensure different regions and people are represented
• Definitional boundary disputes


  • Disputes over the interpretation of the original documents that define the boundary
• Locational boundary disputes


  • Disputes over the location of the boundary and the ownership of the land
• Operational boundary disputes


  • Disputes over how to manage a boundary and handle different issues or situations that occur on the boundary
• Allocational boundary disputes


  • Disputes over the use of what is on or in the boundary, often over natural resources
• UNCLOS


  • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
  • Established in 1982 to help countries better understand how to deal with allocational boundary disputes in the sea
• Territorial waters


  • Zone extending 12 nautical miles from the shore
  • State has both political and economic control
• Contiguous zone


  • Zone between 12 and 24 nautical miles from shore
  • State may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs and immigration