EDEC

• Growth characteristics during early childhood


  • 2-6yrs old: grow 3 inches in height; 4-5 lbs in weight
• Nutritional considerations during early childhood

  • Don't force child to eat nor fight over food
  • Recognize that appetite varies
  • Serve balanced meals
  • Limit food choices
  • Don't bribe
• Corpus Callosum


  Brain structure that links the left and right hemisphere
• Fine Motor Skills


  Controlled movements of the hands, fingers, lips, tongues, and eyes
• Fine motor skills development by age


  • At 3 years old: turning pages on book, building towers
  • At 4 years old: pouring water, using scissors
  • At 5 years old: Using utensils, printing letters or numbers
• Using rewards to encourage eating in children


  • Can lead to overeating of junk food high in sugar, fats, and empty calories
  • Can unconsciously tell children that some foods are better than others
• Essential physiological needs for human survival


  • Air
  • Food
  • Shelter
  • Clothing
  • Warmth
  • Sleep
• Enuresis


  Bed wetting, common at 5 to 10 years old
• Food allergy


  Unpleasant immune system reaction after a certain food is eaten
• Ways to prevent dental caries


  • Avoid sugary substances and carbs
  • Fluoride varnish
• Leading causes/injuries of death in early childhood


  • Drowning
  • Falls
  • Burns
  • Poisoning
  • Motor accidents (in vehicle/pedestrian)
• Gross motor skills


  Abilities required to control the muscles of the body for large movements such as walking, crawling, running
• Fine motor skills


  Abilities required to control the muscles of the hands, fingers, face, tongue, and lips
• Piaget's stages of Development


  • Sensorimotor stage: 0-2 years old
  • Preoperational stage: 2-7 years old
  • Concrete operational stage: 7-11 years old
  • Formal operational stage: 12+ years old
• Preoperational stage


  Children use symbol to represent words, images, and ideas; 2-7 years old
• Memory Systems


  • Sensory memory
  • Working memory (short-term)
  • Permanent memory (long-term)
  • Autobiographical memory
• Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development


  • Social interactions with adults or knowledgeable peers can help a child learn
  • Zone of proximal development: when kids can perform a task with assistance
  • Scaffolding: temporary support from parents/teachers
• Theory of Mind


  • Ability to think about other people's thoughts
  • Helps to be self-conscious that others can think of us in different ways, which help us better understand and be empathetic towards others
• Gender schemas


  Children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with maleness and femaleness
• Types of plays


  • Unoccupied play
  • Solitary play
  • Onlooker play
  • Parallel play
  • Associative play
  • Cooperative play
• Parenting styles


  • Authoritarian
  • Permissive
  • Authoritative
  • Uninvolved
• Toxic stress in childhood


  • Can affect a child's memory ability
  • Can reduce immunity to diseases
  • Can make them hypersensitive to stress
• Factors for early childhood education


  • Quality care of the teacher/kid ratio
  • Physical environment should be engaging, clean, and safe
  • Builds on relationship with peers
• Examples of vegetarianism and their dietary restrictions


  • Ovo-vegetarians
  • Lacto-ovo-vegetarians
  • Lacto-vegetarians
  • Vegans
• Food allergy


  Occurs when a protein in food triggers an immune response that attacks foreign bodies
• Food intolerance


  Difficulty of ingesting certain food products
• Common health conditions and their definition


  • Asthma: chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways
  • Diabetes: when blood glucose is too high
  • Childhood stress: can decrease immunity to disease
• Mental disorders in childhood and their symptoms


  • Social and Emotional disorders: Phobias, Anxiety, Post traumatic stress syndrome, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Depression
  • Developmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder
• Examples of Language acquisition theories


  • Operant Conditioning: children learn through repetition and reinforcement
  • Language Acquisition Device: Children instinctively learn language without any formal instructions
  • Assimilation and Accommodation
  • Zone of Proximal Development: learning through others
• Approaches to reading education


  • Phonetics: speech sounds
  • Phonology: phonemes
  • Morphology: Words
  • Syntax: phrases and sentences
  • Semantics: literal meaning of phrases and sentences
  • Pragmatics: meaning in context of discourse
• Erikson's stages of psychosocial development


  • Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy)
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood)
  • Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool)
  • Industry vs. Inferiority (school-age)
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence)
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
  • Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)
• Kohlberg's theory of Moral development


  • Preconventional Morality (young children)
  • Conventional Morality (older children, most adults)
  • Post conventional Morality (A few adults)
• Changes and development during adolescence


  • Growth spurts
  • Female and male sexual maturation
  • Male produce sperm
• Sex characteristics


  • Primary sex characteristics: sex organs concerned with reproduction
  • Secondary sex characteristics: physical changes not directly associated with reproduction but signal maturity
• Common issues and disorders during adolescence


  • Obesity
  • Eating Disorders
  • Drug and substance abuse
  • Suicidal behaviors
• Substance use in adolescence


  • Potential for addiction
  • Pose disabilities in learning and memory recall
• Adolescent social and cognitive behavior


  • Cognitively: advancements in abstract thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills
  • Socially and emotional: navigate identity formation, seeking autonomy from parents while establishing relationships with peers
• Memory encoding


  Initial learning of information
• Memory storage


  Maintaining information over time
• Wisdom


  Quality of having good judgment based on knowledge and develops by "learning from life" through the interaction of an orientation towards learning, relevant experiences, and interactions with others