Genetics

• is the inheritance or transmission of traits from generation to generation.

  Hereditary
• are the seen and unseen characteristics of living things.

  Traits
• The traits that are determined by the information that genes contain are called

  Genotype / Genetic traits
• The visible traits that are manifested by the living things are called

  phenotypic traits or phenotype
• are the units of inheritance and biological code that each living thing has.

  Genes
• Comes from the Greek word genos which means “race”, “stock”, or “offspring”
• are those that are always expressed.

  Dominant Genes
• are those that are unexpressed.

  Recessive genes
• refers to the differences among living things.

  Variation
• Can be caused by differences in the genetics makeup or the result of environmental factors.

  Variation
• are cell structures that are involved in the inheritance and transmission of traits.


  The nucleus, cytoskeleton and ribosomes
• the command center of the cell.

  Nucleus
• is a porous double layer that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

  Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
• a large, spherical body in the nucleus. Responsible for production of ribosomes.

  Nucleolus
• the protoplasmic part of the nucleus. Its fluid content is called nuclear sap or karyolymph where chromatins are suspended.


  Nucleoplasm or karyoplasm
• are dark, threadlike structures and granules in the nucleoplasm of an undivided cell that condense during cell division called chromosomes.

  Chromatins
• are nucleoproteins that bear the genetic information in the form of genes. Each chromosomes has DNA and proteins. 


  Chromosomes
• The chromatin is bounded with protein call histone where DNA are coils forming a nucleosomes.
• nucleic acid that carries genetic code, which determine traits of each living thing.

  DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid
• The fixed point that controls the movement of a chromosome during cell division is called

  Centromere
• One half of two identical copies of replicated chromosome is called

  Chromatid
• a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm

  Cytoskeleton
• are cytoskeleton components that rearrange themselves into spindle fibers

  Microtubules
• are structures that stretch between centrioles

  Spindle fibers
• are paired structures in the cytoplasm that participates in cell division.

  Centrioles
• are structures from which microtubules arise.

  Centrosomes
• are cellular organelles produced by nucleoli

  Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are Made up of RNA or Ribonucleic acid that functions in protein synthesis.