exam 2

• 6 behavioral states of an infant

  1. quiet/ deep sleep
  2. active sleep
  3. quietly alert
  4. actively alert
  5. drowsy
  6. crying
• what is quiet/ deep sleep

  still, unaware of sensory stimuli
• what is active sleep

  REM- rapid eye movement, wakes easily to sound
• what is quietly alert

  infant still, eyes focused and engaged with environment
• what is active alert

  active body, eyes are not focused
• what is drowsy

  still, relaxed, can fall into sleep
• what is crying

  overstimulated, hungry, uncomfortable
• which infant behavioral state is associated with REM

  active sleep
• what is a reflex


  an unlearned and involuntary response to a stimulus
• basic reflex arc

  sensory input -> afferent -> interneuron -> efferent -> motor
• what makes a reflex a reflex

  stimulus triggers a motor response; unconscious, unlearned, involuntary, automatic
• what makes a reflex a survival reflex

  the reflex has an adaptive value
• survival reflexes

  • breathing
  • eye blink
  • pupillary
  • rooting
  • sucking
  • swallowing
• what makes a reflex primitive

  no clear adaptive value; evolutionary remnants

  reflex has outlived its purpose
• primitive reflexes

  • babinski
  • grasping
  • moro
  • swimming
  • stepping
• what did myrtle mcgraw find

  the swimming reflex
• dynamic systems approach

  interaction between experience and genes
• what did esther thelen do

  developed the dynamic systems theory
• what did the text say about babies navigating slanted walkways with handrails

  1. adapted by bending knees and having upper body straight
  2. scoot down
  3. use hand rails
  4. scoot on tummy
• how many falls do toddlers have in a day

  17 and hour

  100 a day
• orthogenetic


  general/ global, simple to more complex movements
• cephalocaudal 


  head to tail

  • lifts head before trunk (at 990 degrees)
  • and lifts trunk before sitting
• proximodistal 


  from center (midline) outwards; trunk -> arm -> fingers
• motor milestone for lifting head while on lying stomach

  2-3 months
• motor milestone for rolling over

  3-4 months
• motor milestone for ulnar

  4-6 months
• motor milestone for sitting without support

  6-8 months
• motor milestone for crawling

  9 months
• motor milestone for crawling

  9 months
• motor milestone for walking while holding on

  12 months
• motor milestone for pincer grasp

  12 months
• motor milestone for walking alone well

  14 months
• motor milestone for scribbling with crayons and making block towers

  16 months
• motor milestone for walking up steps

  17-22 months
• motor milestone for running in a straight line

  24-36 months
• motor milestone for kicking a ball forward

  24 months
• is there such thing as 'throwing like a girl'

  yes, boy can throw a ball at a faster mph at age 13 than girls
• do boys or girls have a growth spurt first

  girls
• how long and heavy should a baby be at birth

  20 inches and 7-7.5lbs
• how much weight and length should a baby be gaining


  an inch a month and an ounce a day