SKIN, HAIR, AND NAILS ABNORMALITIES

• Traction Alopecia

  
• Alopecia Totalis

  
• Acanthosis nigricans: velvety darkening of skin in body folds and creases, especially the neck, groin, and axilla

  
• Cyanosis: blue-tinged, especially in the perioral, nail bed, and conjunctival areas

  
• Central cyanosis

  
  

  cardiopulmonary problem
• Peripheral cyanosis


  local problem
• Butterfly rashes: also called as malar rush, it is a characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

  
• Erythema: skin redness and warmth
• Stage 1 (Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin): do not include purple or maroon discoloration; deep tissue pressure injury

  
• Stage 2 (Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis)

  • wound bed is viable, pink or red, moist
  • intact or ruptured serum-filled blister
  • adipose and deeper tissues are not visible
  • adverse microclimate and shear in the skin over the pelvis and shear in the heel

  
• Stage 3 (Full-thickness skin loss)

  • adipose is visible in the ulcer
  • granulation tissue and epibole (rolled wound edges) are often present

  
• Stage 4 (Full-thickness skin and tissue loss) : exposed or directly palpable fascia, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage or bone in the ulcer

  
• Unstageable Pressure injury (Obscured Full-Thickness Skin and Tissue Loss): issue loss in which the extent of tissue damage within the ulcer cannot be confirmed
• MACULE AND PATCH

  • small, flat, nonpalpable skin color change
  • skin color may be brown, white, tan, purple, red
  • macules: <1cm, circumscribed border
  • patches: >1cm, irregular border

  
• Freckles: flat, small macules of pigment that appear following sun exposure

  
• Vitiligo depigmentation of the skin

  
• Striae: sometimes called stretch marks

  
• Seborrheic keratosis: a warty or crusty pigmented lesion

  
• Scar: Skin mark left after healing of wound or lesion that represents replacement by connective tissue of the injured tissue

  
• Mole (also called nevus): a flat or raised tan/brownish marking up to 6 mm wide

  
• Cutaneous tag: raised papule with a depressed center

  
• Cutaneous horn

  
• Cherry angiomas: small raised spots (1–5 mm wide) typically seen with aging.

  
• Papule and plaque: Elevated, palpable, solid mass

  • Papules have a circumscribed border and are less than 0.5 cm
  • Plaques are greater than 0.5 cm and may be coalesced papules with a flat top
  • Picture below is psoriasis vulgaris, an example of plaque

  
• Nodule and tumor: Elevated, solid, palpable mass that extends deeper into dermis than a papule

  • Nodules are 0.5 to 2 cm and circumscribed
  • Tumors are greater than 1 to 2 cm and do not always have sharp borders
  • Picture below is a keloid, a nodule

  
• Vesicle and bulla: Circumscribed elevated, palpable mass containing serous fluid

  • Vesicles are less than 0.5 cm
  • Bullas are greater than 0.5 cm
  • Picture below is varicella (chickenpox), a vesicle

  
• Wheal: Elevated mass with transient borders that are often irregular. Size and color vary. Caused by movement of serous fluid into the dermis

  Picture below is a urticaria (hives)

  
• Pustule: Pus-filled vesicle or bulla; Picture below is acne

  
• Cyst: Encapsulated fluid-filled or semisolid mass that is located in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis; Picture below is a epidermoid cyst

  
• Erosion: Loss of superficial epidermis that does not extend to the dermis; Picture below is an aphthous ulcer, aphthous stomatitis, or canker sore

  
• Ulcer: Skin loss extending past epidermis, with necrotic tissue loss; picture below is a stasis dermatitis with venous stasis ulcer

  
• Fissure: Linear crack in the skin that may extend to the dermis and may be painful; picture below is an interdigital tinea pedis with fissures and maceratio

  
• Petechiae: Round red or purple macule that is 1 to 2 mm in size

  
• Ecchymosis: Round or irregular macular lesion that is larger than petechial lesion

  
• Hematoma: localized collection of blood creating an elevated ecchymosis

  
• Spider angioma: Red arteriole lesion with a central body with radiating branches

  
• Telangiectasis (Venous star): Bluish or red lesion with varying shape (spider-like or linear) found on the legs and anterior chest

  
• Basal Cell Carcinoma

  
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  
• Melanoma