PR1 L#1 (Understanding Data)

• Qualitative Research - detailed and systematic descriptions or interpretations of experiences, phenomena, situations, events, people and their beliefs and attitudes, interactions, human and social relationships, manifest and latent behaviors and cultural traditions among others.
• Arce (2021) “the bulk of data that consist of texts, pictures, maps, charts and physical artifact.
• Qualitative Research - describe life experiences of social phenomena, making sense of the same by giving them significant meaning or meaningful significance. 
• Purpose of Research:

  • Descriptive
  • Exploratory
  • Explanatory
  • Predictive
• Descriptive - aims to describe a phenomenon or situation.
• Exploratory - helps us to explore and learn more about something.
• Explanatory - figuring out why things happen the way they do.
• Predictive - tries to predict what might happens in the future based on patterns and trends we see today.
• Qualitative Research Designs:

  • Case Study
  • Historical Study
  • Phenomenology
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded Theory
• Case Study - direct observation, interviews and archival research.
• Historical Study - archival research, archaeological or anthropological research, and content analysis.
• Phenomenology - Depending on the research problem and objectives, phenomenological research makes use of a combination.
• Ethnography- The research lens is cultural studies, and it combines several research methods or techniques.
• Grounded Theory - It is an inductive research design used to discover knowledge through themes, trends and patterns until a theory emerges or a concept is developed.
• In-depth interview - A process of data gathering through face-to-face conversation.
• Key informant interview - The process is similar to IDIs, except that there is a special emphasis on the eminent status or important value of the interviewees.
• Survey - asking questions through non-face-to-face data gathering.
• Focused group discussion - group interview where a question is posed by the facilitator (researcher) and all the participants give their answers.
• Non-participant observation - researcher systematically observes or watches the subjects or respondents of the study in their natural habitat without Interruption.
• Participant observation - the researcher is involved or taking active part in the environment under study.
• Archival research - process of scouring, digging, examining, verifying and analyzing documents of all types, including evidences, artifacts, relics, articles, news clippings, contracts and other pieces of records.
• Content analysis - focuses on the content or substance such as meanings, textual and writing styles, contexts and subtexts, and symbols among others.
• Discourse analysis - focuses on speech, dialects, vernacular, idioms, narratives and other collections of words and texts.
• For quantitative research, reliability means repeatability
• For quantitave research, validity is the correctness of methods
• Caution and care must be taken in employing any research design or research method and techniques.
• Primary data - are those that are directly obtained from a research activity through the use of data gathering methods and techniques.
• Secondary data - are those information obtained from existing and already available sources of information.
• Choosing the proper research design, method and technique demanded of by the nature of research problem and objectives as required by a given field or discipline.
• For qualitative research, reliability means the reliable use of data and that the study (including the researcher) is dependable and trustworthy.
• For qualitative research, validity is the capacity of the study to be validated by others through feedback, triangulation (3 independent sources) or quadrangulation (4 independent sources).
• TRUE OR FALSE?

  True - repeatability is difficult, even unsurprisingly impossible, in qualitative research since the particular or specific contexts phenomenon under study always change.
• TRUE OR FALSE?

  False - samples are not necessary to establish general conclusions.
• TRUE OR FALSE?

  True - most qualitative researches do not make generalizations
• Simple random - everyone in the group has an equal chance of being chosen.
• Cluster - respondents are classified and grouped.
• Convenience - picking whoever is easiest to reach; the availability of the respondents.
• Stratified - Randomly selecting in the group who's fit for you category.
• Snowball - referrals are made from one respondent to another.
• Sampling Technique:

  • Simple random
  • Cluster
  • Stratified
  • Convenience
  • Snowball
  • Purposive