waste water engineering report 1

• Wastewater Engineering


  The branch of environmental engineering in which the basic principles of science and engineering are applied to the problems of water pollution control, and issues associated with the treatment and reuse of wastewater
• Wastewater Engineering


  • It primarily deals with the transportation and cleaning of sewage or consumed water (blackwater, greywater, and irrigation water)
• Wastewater


  The water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications
• Sewage


  Domestic (household) wastewater
• Wastewater engineering is not usually its own degree course but a specialization from degree such as civil engineering, sanitary engineering, environmental engineering or chemical engineering
• Specific objectives of wastewater engineering

  • Reduce the pollution loading (Carbonaceous removal, nutrients removal, heavy metals removal, etc.)
  • Compliance with government standards mandated by DENR and/or LLDA
  • Sustainable Development
• Sewage treatment


  1. Removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage

  2. Includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these contaminants and produce environmentally safer treated wastewater (or treated effluent)
• By-product of sewage treatment


  Semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge and effluent
• Water Pollution


  The introduction of a substance to the environment at levels leading to lost beneficial use of a resource or degradation of the health of humans, wildlife, or ecosystems
• Load


  The mass flux of a pollutant, expressed as mass per unit time
• When water is unfit for its intended use, it is considered polluted
• Water Quality Management


  The control of pollution from human activity so that the water is not degraded to the point that it is no longer suitable for intended use
• Point source pollution


  Identifiable source of pollution that occurs when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water from a pipeline or sewer
• CAFO (Concentrated/Confined Animal Feeding Operation)


  Facilities where animals are fed and confined for 45 days or more in any 12-consecutive-month period, and where crops, vegetation, forage growth, or postharvest residues are not grown or sustained in the feedlot or facility
• Non-Point source pollution


  Diffuse source of pollution that occurs as water moves across the land or through the ground and picks up natural and human-made pollutants, characterized by multiple discharge points
• Examples of non-point source pollution

  • Urban runoff
  • Agricultural runoff
• Runoff from agricultural land is a significant non-point source, with fertilizer (manure or commercial) contributing nutrients
• History of sewage treatment

  1. Major human settlements could initially develop only where fresh surface water was plentiful

  2. Throughout history people have devised systems to make water more accessible and disposing consumed water more convenient

  3. The oldest written account of sewage disposal seems to be from the Old Testament of the Bible Deuteronomy 23:12-13

  4. The Minoan Culture on the Island of Crete between 1500-1700 B.C.E. had a highly developed waste management system

  5. Knossos, the capital city, had a central courtyard with baths that were filled and emptied using terracotta pipes

  6. Knossos was also the first place in Europe where "flush" toilets actually functioned

  7. Laws governing chamber pots (500 BC) specifically relate to fines and damages being paid to the injured party if they are caught by a "missile of mirth"

  8. The ancient Romans developed flushed community latrines

  9. By the 3rd Century, the sewers in Rome were vaulted underground networks called the Cloaca Mixima (Greatest Sewer)

  10. Around AD 100, direct connections of homes to sewers began, and the Romans completed most of the sewer system infrastructure

  11. After the fall of the Roman Empire, urban societies began to leave their urban homes and move back to a more rural way of life and more "traditional" disposal methods

  12. By the 1800s much of the U.S. and Europe had forgotten the advances made by the Romans and chamber pots were back in vogue

  13. Night soil - a euphemism for human feces collected at night from cesspools, privies, etc. and sometimes used as fertilizer

  14. The first septic tank is believed to have originated in France and is credited to Jean-Louis Mouras

  15. In 1865, the first Royal Commission on River Pollution was established

  16. 1868 - Sir Edward Frankland, one of the Commission members, developed trickling filter sand technology

  17. The first experiments with aeration were performed at the Lawrence Experiment Station in Massachussetts in 1912 using 1-gal glass jugs

  18. Activated Sludge was developed in England in May 3, 1914 by Edward Ardern and William Lockett
• NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System)


  Sec 402 of Clean Water Act (USA) - NPDES permits based on technology and water quality
• USA EPA CWA Classes of Pollutants

  • Conventional Pollutants - BOD, TSS, FOG, Fecal coliform, and pH
  • Toxic Pollutants - 126 Priority Pollutants, Heavy metals, and Organic compounds
  • Non-Conventional Pollutants - Chlorine, Ammonia, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
• DAO 34 (DENR Administrative Order No. 34 Series of 1990)


  Revised Water Usage and Classification - For the purpose of maintaining the quality of Philippine waters in a safe and satisfactory condition, all waters are classified according to beneficial usages (ie. Class AA, A, B, C, D, SA, SB, SC and SD)
• DAO 35 (DENR Administrative Order No. 35 Series of 1990)


  Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990 - Revising and Amending the Effluent Regulations of 1982, applying to all industrial and commercial wastewater / effluents
• DAO 2016-08 Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards


  Pursuant to Republic Act 9275 (Clean Water Act of 2004), and Executive Order 192, the DENR adopted and promulgated Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards (GEF)
• DAO 2021-19 Updated Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards (GES) for Selected Parameters


  This Order is issued to update the water quality guidelines for selected parameters based on the current classification of water bodies and on its beneficial use, and to update the effluent standards for selected parameters based on its perceived impact to the activities in the area and to the environment
• DA Administrative Order No. 26 s.2007


  Guidelines on the Procedures and Technical Requirements for the Issuance of a Certification Allowing the Safe Re-use of Wastewater for Purposes of Irrigation and other Agricultural Uses
• Sewage


  The community's spent or consumed water
• Wastewater


  Contains the impurities that were present when the water was obtained, and any impurities added through human uses
• Wastewater is 99.9% water and 0.1% total solid
• According to Water Pollution Control Federation (1980), wastewater is 99.94% by weight and 0.06% solids (suspended and dissolved)
• Influent


  Raw wastewater coming into a treatment plant
• Effluent


  The treated water discharged from a wastewater treatment plant
• Sources (Types) of Wastewater

  • Domestic (sewage) wastewater
  • Industrial wastewater
  • Storm sewage
  • Combined wastewater
• Types of Inflow

  • Inflow
  • Infiltration
  • Direct inflow
  • Total inflow
• Domestic (sewage) wastewater


  Consists of domestic waste and small amounts of industrial wastes
• Industrial wastewater


  Wastewater in which industrial wastes predominate (i.e. waste from industrial process such as brewing, dyeing, etc.)
• Industrial wastewaters that contain high strength waste may have to be pretreated to make them safe to discharge to the collection system
• Storm sewage


  Liquid flowing in sewers during or following a period of rainfall and resulting from precipitation runoff
• Combined wastewater


  Consists of a combination of sanitary wastewater and storm water runoff. All the wastewater and storm water of the community is transported through one system to the treatment plant
• Inflow


  Water discharged into sewer pipes or service pipe connections from sources such as roof leaders, etc.
• Infiltration


  Groundwater entering sewers and building connections through defective joints and broken or cracked pipe and manholes