BIO312 Questions

• What would be the correct order that ALL sympathetic preganglionic fibers follow at first?


  ventral root, ventral ramus of spinal nerve, white ramus communicans, sympathetic trunk ganglion
• ACh is secreted by cholinergic fibers
• Norepinephrine is secreted by adrenergic fibers
• Why do sympathetic effects last longer than parasympathetic effects?


  because in parasympathetic ACh is secreted by both preganglionic and postganglionic, and in parasympathetic the enzyme AChe is present which breaks down ACh
• The autonomic nervous system does not innervate skeletal muscle
• the autonomic nervous system does innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, blood vessels, and salivary glands
• Muscarinic receptors bind acetylcholine
• Vagus nerve carries parasympathetic fibers
• Epinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla
• the hypothalamus is the most significant autonomic control center within the CNS
• The gray ramus communicans contains sympathetic postganglionic fibers
• Throughout the autonomic nervous system, the neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic fiber bind to nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron
• the higher the frequency of sound, the higher the pitch
• cochlear hair cells rest on the basilar membrane
• the acceleration you feel when an elevator begins to rise is sensed by macula in vestibuli
• the stapes is a tiny bone that vibrates to the oval window and thereby transfers sound vibrations to the inner ear
• A self-amplifying chain of physiological events is called

  positive feedback
• Christa ampullares in semicircular canals are responsible for angular acceleration
• Maculae in vestibule are responsible for linear acceleration and static equilibrium
• width of thick filament is determined by A band
• myasthenia gravis is when ATP is depleted from the muscle fiber
• muscle fatigue results when ion imbalances interfere w/ excitation-contraction coupling
• during post-exercise oxygen consumption, glycogen stores are increased
• synaptic vesicles are not located within the sarcolemma
• Dizziness comes from endolymph moving
• awareness of our orientation/movement because of vestibular cortex
• equilibrium information is also sent to cerebellum which means that it is involved in our motor plan
• upper motor neurons begin in the brain and extend down into spinal cord
• lower motor neurons go onto innervate muscles