exercise phys exam

• Translation is the production of a protein from mRNA at the ribosome
• Endergonic reaction requires energy
• Exergonic reactions release energy
•  Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reactions by lowering the energy of activation
• Coupled reactions are defined as reactions that are linked together, with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to drive the second reaction.
• Stored polysaccharides in muscle and other tissues in animals are called glycogen
• Fats that are stored in muscle and adipose tissue that play an important role as an energy substrate are triglycerides
• The most important high-energy phosphate compound in the muscle cell is ATP
• The simplest and most rapid method of producing ATP during exercise is through ATP-CP system
• Aerobic production of ATP occurs in the mitochondria in a process called oxidative phosphorylation
• The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the immediate energy system is creatine kinase
• In protein synthesis, the formation of mRNA is called transcription.
• Endocrine signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream
•  A chemical messenger is released from one cell that stimulates nearby cells is an example of paracrine signaling
• Which of the following would occur in response to elevated blood glucose to maintain homeostasis?

  increased uptake of glucose by cells
• The precision with which a control system maintains homeostasis is termed gain
• Stress proteins that are manufactured by cells in response to exercise help to repair damage by free radicals
•  During 60 minutes of constant-load submaximal exercise, the body temperature reaches a plateau after 35-45 minutes. This is an example of steady state
•  The gain of a biological control system can be thought of as the amount of amplification of the system or the precision with which the control system maintains homeostasis.
•  The general components of a biological control system are the 

  Receptor

  Effector

  Control center
• Physiologists use the term steady state to denote a steady and unchanging level of a physiological variable.
• A series of interconnected components that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter of the body near a constant value is a biological control system
• The term homeostasis is defined as the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
• Net efficiency decreases as work rate increases. 
• Exercise efficiency is greater in subjects who have a higher percentage of slow muscle fibers
• optimum speed of movement increases as work output increases
• Net efficiency is defined as work performed/energy expended above rest times 100.
• A MET is defined as a metabolic equivalent and is equal to a resting vo2
• The most common technique used to measure oxygen consumption in exercise physiology laboratories is open circuit spirometry
•  The most important rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis is phosphofructokinase
•  In general, the higher the intensity of the activity, the greater the contribution of anaerobic energy production
•  The two most important hydrogen (electron) carriers in bioenergetic chemical reactions are NAD and FAD
• The breakdown of creatine phosphate is regulated by ADP concentration in the cytoplasm.
• glycolysis ends with the production of pyruvic acid or lactic acid.  
•  The process of beta-oxidation involves the breakdown of a fatty acid to acetyl-CoA.
• The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the immediate energy system is creatine kinase
• The actual ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose is different from the theoretical yield because it accounts for the fact that an additional H+ is required to move ATP into the cytoplasm.
• The primary purpose of the Krebs cycle is to convert foodstuffs using NAD and FAD
• In the electron transport chain the electrons passed down the chainwill eventually be used to form water
• The term oxygen deficit refers to the lag in oxygen consumption at the beginning of exercise.