ISLAB

• HIV damage the immune system by

  killing the CD4 cells
• Last stage of HIV infection?

  AIDS
• HIV member of what family?

  Retroviridae
• A predominant strain HIV and it is found worldwide

  HIV-1
• HIV-2


  an HIV primarily limited to West Africa
• Major subtype of HIV-1

  M subtype
• The RNA is transcribed to DNA by the activity of the

  viral enzyme

  Reverse transcriptase
• Viral DNA is inserted into the host cell's DNA

  Viral integrase
• After viral integrase, the viral DNA will be transcribed into

  mRNA
• This process kills the infected cell and leads to a diminishing number of T helper cells

  replication process
• Antibodiesto HIV generally appear about

  12 weeks after infection
• Antibodies to HIV are the first antibodies detected by


  ELISA and Western blot assay
• antibodies able to interfere

  with infection of host cells, appear about 1 year

  after infection

  Neutralizing antibodies
• HIV is able to escape the immune response by

  undergoing

  antigenic variation
• This test monitor the amount of HIV in the blood

  HIV viral load test
• measure how HIV has already affected the immune system.descrease CD4 = decrease immune response


  CD4 lymphocyte cell count
• HIV compromises the immune response by

  destroying T helper cells
• T helper cells are both key players in:

  Humoral and cellular immune response
• recruits inflammatory cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines

  IL-1
• TNF, promotes cell survival prolifiration, differentiation and death

  Cachetin
• HIV-1 is transmitted to?

  Unprotected sex

  Contaminated blood or blood products

  Contaminated needles

  Perinatally
• IL-1


  fever
• stimulate T cell

  IL-2
• stimulated bone marrow

  IL-3
• IgE production

  IL-4
• IgA production

  IL-5
• stimulate acute phase protein reactants

  IL-6
• virus continues to replicate rapidly in the lymphoid

  tissue

  Clinical latency
• T cells begins to decrease, the patient

  develops a number of infections caused by opportunistic

  pathogens (3 pathogens) and This stage been referred to as _

  Candida, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, AIDS-related complex (ARC)
• Full blown AIDS. T cell depletion

  resulting in severe opportunistic infections and cancers,

  such as esophageal candidiasis, cryptococcosis, systemic

  cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections,

  Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, and Kaposi's sarcoma

  Final stage
• detect antibodies to HIV and HIV

  antigen

  ELISA tests
• Repeatedly positive samples of HIV must be confirmed by

  a 

  Western blot or immunofluorescent test
• the confirmatory serological test

  for HIV

  Western blot assay
• Two of the three bands must appear for a Western

  blot to be considered positive

  p24, gp41,or gp20/160
• can detect replicating viruses

  Genetic probes
• used to detect HIV antigen in infected cells (can also be used as a confirmatory test)

  indirect immunofluorescence assay
• Treatment for HIV


  Retrovir (Zidovudine)
• What does retrovir do?

  Through involvement of GP120 inhibitor and GP41 inhibitor
• What does GP41 do?


  Blocks the virus activity to fuse with human immune cells
• what is the function of GP120?

  Prevents the virus from preventing and embedding the cells