Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• Anaphase


  Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the spindle fibre within a cell.
• Asexual


  Reproduction that only requires one parent, leading to the production of a clone.
• Binary Fission


  Process of cell multiplication in bacteria and other unicellular organisms in which there is no formation of spindle fibres and no chromosomal condensation.
• Cell Cycle


  Series of events of cell growth and reproduction that results in two daughter cells.
• Cell Division


  Division of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells.
• Centrioles


  A pair of small cylindrical organelles, used in spindle development.
• Centromere


  The position where the chromatids are held together in a chromosome.
• Chromatid


  One of two identical threads in a replicated DNA molecule.
• Chromatin


  A mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
• Chromosome


  A thread-like structure composed of DNA and protein.
• Cytokinesis


  Division of the cytoplasm occurring after mitosis.
• G1 Checkpoint


  A check that occurs during G1 of interphase that makes sure the DNA is not damaged and is ready to undergo replication.
• G1 Stage


  The first stage of interphase in the cell cycle where the cell grows, increasing the amount of cell cytosol.
• G2 Checkpoint


  A check that occurs during G2 of interphase where the replicated DNA of the cell is checked for completeness & lack of damage; if cell passes this checkpoint, it can advance to mitosis.
• G2 Stage


  The third stage of interphase where proteins are synthesised and the cell continues to grow in preparation for division.
• Interphase


  A stage in the cell cycle that is a period of cell growth and DNA synthesis.
• Kinetochore


  A special attachment site of a chromatid by which it links to a spindle fibre.
• M Checkpoint


  A check that occurs during the metaphase stage of mitosis where the connection between chromatid and spindle fibres is checked and corrected.
• Metaphase


  Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes align around the equator of a cell.
• Mitosis


  Process involved in the production of new cells genetically identical with the original cell; an essential process in asexual reproduction.
• Prophase


  Stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes contract and become visible, the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate and the spindle forms.
• S Stage


  The stage where the parent cell replicates its DNA; at the end of the S stage the parent cell contains two identical copies of its original DNA.
• Cleavage Furrow


  Occurs in the cytokinesis stage of the cell cycle for animal cells. As the cleavage furrow reaches the centre of the cell, the cells are pinched apart into two new cells.

  
• Cell Plate


  Occurs in the cytokinesis stage of the cell cycle for plant cells. Cell plate begins to form along the equator of the cell as vesicles move towards the middle. Two new plant cells are formed.

  
• Spindle


  Fine protein fibres that form between the poles of a cell during mitosis and to which chromosomes become attached.
• Spindle Fibres


  Clusters of microtubules, composed of the contractile protein actin, that grow out from the centrioles at opposite ends of a spindle.
• Telophase


  Stage where new nuclear membranes form around the separated groups of chromosomes.
• DNA is wrapped around proteins called histone.
• Labelling Chromosomes

  A) Chromatid

  B) Short Arm

  C) Centromere

  D) Long Arm

  E) Sister Chromatids

  F) Chromatid