Org

• Organic chemistry


  The study of compounds containing carbon atom
• There are currently about 10 million organic compounds known to man
• Differences between inorganic and organic compounds


  • Type of bond (Ionic vs Covalent)
  • Melting point (High vs Low)
  • Boiling point (High vs Low)
  • Flammability (No vs Yes)
  • Solubility (Soluble in water vs Not soluble)
  • Reaction occurs between (Ions vs Molecules)
  • Atoms per molecule (Few vs Many)
  • Structure (Simple vs Complex)
  • Electrolyte (Yes vs No)
  • Conductor (Good vs Poor)
• Examples of organic chemicals


  • shampoo
  • gasoline
  • perfume
  • lotion
  • drugs
  • food and food additives
  • plastics
  • paper
  • insect repellent
  • synthetic fabrics (nylon, polyester, rayon)
  • paint
  • moth balls (naphthalene)
  • enzymes
  • nail polish remover
  • wood
  • coal
  • natural gas
  • solvents
  • fertilizers
  • vitamins
  • dyes
  • soap
  • candles
  • asphalt
• Four important groups of organic compounds in our body

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
• Pure substance


  Made up of one single element or compound, not mixed with any other substance
• Mixture


  Made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined together
• Crystallization


  Formation of a new, insoluble product by a chemical reaction, which then precipitates out of the reaction solution as an amorphous solid containing many trapped impurities
• Recrystallization


  A procedure for purifying an impure compound in a solvent, based on the principle that the solubility of most solids increases with increased temperature
• Filtration


  A process of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid
• Decolorization


  The process of removing brightly colored organic impurities from the sample mixture, usually carried out in the solution phase
• Sublimation


  The process of a solid becoming a gas, without passing through the liquid state
• Sublimation


  Substance is heated in a dish, an inverted funnel is kept to collect the sublimable compounds, the funnel is kept cool to hasten the process, vapours of the substance solidify on the funnel
• Distillation


  A purification method for liquids, can separate components of a mixture if they have significantly different boiling points
• Distillation


  Liquid is boiled in the "distilling flask", vapors travel to another section where they come into contact with a cool surface, the condensed liquid (distillate) drips into a reservoir separated from the original liquid
• Distillation equipment and function


  • Thermometer - measures the temperature of the vapor
  • Distilling flask - holds the distilling mixture
  • Condenser - where vapor will be cooled by a constant flow of water
  • Adapter - connects to the receiving flask, serves to distribute distilled liquid
  • Receiving flask - collects the distilled liquid
  • Iron clamp and iron stand - used to hold the apparatus in place
• Solvent extraction


  A purification technique used when both a compound and its impurities are soluble in water but have different solubilities in an organic solvent
• Solvent extraction


  Mixture is dissolved in one-two immiscible solvents and then shaken with the other solvent to distribute the components between them, the organic phase is the immiscible organic solvent
• Chromatography


  An important separation technique used to separate constituent particles of a mixture of substances to purify the compounds and check the purity of organic compounds
• Paper chromatography


  Chromatography paper is used as a stationary phase, suspended in a mixture of solvents that act as a mobile phase, a spot of the mixture is put at the base of the paper and as the solvent rises, the components are carried to different degrees depending on their retention on the paper
• Rf value


  A measure of the position of a component in a chromatographic separation, calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the component by the distance travelled by the solvent
• Uses of paper chromatography


  • Identify and separate colored mixtures such as pigments
  • Identify unknown organic and inorganic compounds
  • Detect various hormones and drugs
  • Analyze reaction mixtures in biochemistry labs
  • Detect contaminants in food and drinks
• Paper chromatography is used as a quantitative process to identify the components of a mixture