physics

• James Clerk Maxwell


  Developed a theory that explained the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Predicted that electric and magnetic waves defined to be an electromagnetic wave.
• Maxwell's equations


  • A changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force hence an electric field
  • Electric field lines originated on positive charges and terminated on negative charges
  • Magnetic field are generated by moving charges or by charging electric field
• Joseph Henry


  Discovered the property of inductance in electrical circuits, which was first recognized about the same time in England by Michael Faraday, who was the first to publish on the subject
• Michael Faraday


  English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
• Characteristics of a longitudinal wave


  • Sound waves are an example
  • They cannot be polarized
  • The oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave propagation
  • They have compressions and rarefactions
• When two waves are in phase and meet each other

  It will result in constructive interference
• Watt


  Unit of electrical power equal to one ampere under the pressure of one volt
• Amplitude


  Property of a sound wave that determines its loudness
• Period


  The interval of time it takes for a motion to repeat
• Pascal (Pa)


  Unit of pressure or stress in the International System Units (SI)
• Wavelength


  Distance between two consecutive peaks of a wave. Property of light that determines its colour
• Intensity


  Magnitude of quantity per unit area
• Speed


  Rate of position of an object in any direction
• Sound waves is a type of waves require a medium to propagate
• Decibel


  Unit of measurement for the intensity of sound
• Frequency


  Measured in Hertz (Hz)
• Doppler effect


  Phenomenon that causes the apparent change in frequency of a wave when the source or observer is in motion
• Diamond is the material that have the highest index of refraction
• Concave lens


  Type of lens that can used to correct near-sightedness
• Bifocal lens


  Type of eyeglasses that feature two different optical powers in one lens
• Convex lens


  Lens that converges rays of light that convey parallel to its principal axis which is relatively thick across the middle and thin at the lower and upper edges
• Planoconvex lens


  Positive focal length elements that have one spherical surface and one flat surface
• A converging lens forms a real, inverted image of an object placed beyond its focal point, the image that can be formed is virtual
• Two polarizing filters are oriented perpendicular to each other. If unpolarized light passes through both filters, the intensity of light that emerges from the second filter will completely be transmitted
• Common Vision Conditions


  • Presbyopia - gradual loss of eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects
  • Myopia - vision defect where image of distant object is formed in front or behind of retina
  • Astigmatism - defect in outer curvature on eye's surface causes distorted vision
  • Hyperopia (farsightedness) - common vision condition where distant objects are seen clearly but nearby objects are blurry
• Diffraction


  Phenomenon of a wave spreading out as it passes through a narrow opening causes the wave to spread out after passing through the opening
• Interference


  Phenomenon in which two coherent waves are combined by adding their intensities or displacements with due consideration for their phase difference
• Dispersion


  Glass prism disperses white light into its component colors that causes separation of colors
• Red is the color of light with the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum
• Blue, green, and red are the primary colors of light
• Destructive interference happens when two waves, one with a wavelength of 2 meters and the other with a wavelength of 4 meters


  Will interfere with each other or simply when the two waves collide or come together to so that they completely cancel each other out
• Constructive interference


  Occurs when two waves collide and combine
• Reflection


  Abrupt change in a direction of propagation of a wave that strikes the boundary between different mediums
• Refraction


  Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. Describes how much light slows down when traveling through
• The bending of waves around obstacles or the edges of openings is most pronounced when the wavelength is short
• If a person shines a flashlight through a narrow slit onto a screen, the pattern observed on the screen will be a series of alternating bright and dark spots
• If a person stands in front of a plane mirror and moves closer to the mirror, the size of the image will remain the same size
• Law of reflection


  The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
• Snell's Law


  Also termed as the law of Refraction. Describes the bending of light when it travels from medium to medium
• Paramagnetism


  Form of magnetism whereby some materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field