DAT Gen Chem

• Molarity is the moles of solute over the liters of solution
• Molality (m) is the moles of solute over the kilograms of solvent
• Change in freezing point: -i K m
• Change in boiling point: i K m
• Osmotic pressure = iMRT
• Vrms of a gas is equal to the square root of 3RT/MM
• rate 1/rate 2 = the square root of MM2/MM1
• Kinetics:

  • 0 order: M^1 s^-1
  • 1st order: s^-1
  • 2nd order: M^-1 s^-1
• [H3O][OH] = 1 x 10^-14
• pH + pOH = 14
• [H] = 10^-pH
• [H] = sqrt of Ka[A]
• E = q + w
• w = -PV
• Calorimetry equation: q = -CT
• Heat capacity equation: q = mcT
• Gibbs free energy equation: G = H - ST

  • Spontaneous when G is negative
• Exergonic reactions are spontaneous. The energy diagram has the products lower than the reactants
• Endergonic reactions are nonspontaneous. The energy diagram has the products higher than the reactants
• Avogadro's number: 6.022 x 10^23
• n: how far e- is from nucleus

  l: what orbital e- is in (s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3)

  m: -l --> +l
• Paramagnetic: unpaired electrons, attracts magnets
• Diamagnetic: paired electrons, repels magnets
• Molecular compounds have a low BP and do not conduct electricity
• Density: d = m/v = P(MM)/RT
• Any compound with Ag, Pb, S, OH, Hg, CO3, or PO4 is insoluble
• If K>1, the products are favored
• The molar solubility is the moles dissolved / 1 mol reactant
• The strongest oxidizing agent has the highest reduction potential
• The strongest reducing agent has the lowest reduction potential
• Alpha decay: reduces mass number, gives off 4 2 He
• Beta decay: turns neutron into proton. Gives off 0 -1 e
• Gamma decay: no change
• Positron decay: turns proton into neutron; gives off 0 +1 e
• Electron capture: turns proton into neutron; gives off 0 -1 e
• Given a reduction potential table, the reaction is spontaneous if the energy of reduction + energy of oxidation is greater than 0
• Strong acids: HI, HBr, HCl, HClO3, HClO4, H2SO4, HNO3
• Strong bases: group 1 metal hydroxides, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
• If pressure increases, equilibrium shifts to the side that has less gas molecules
• The only factor that changes equilibrium is temperature