STS REVIEWER

• Nano


  (Greek for Dwarf or Small)
• 1 NANOMETER = 10-9 m (billionth of a meter)
• Size of the NANOSCALE


  • A sheet of paper: about 100,000 nm thick
  • A strand of human DNA: 2.5 meters in diameter
  • 1 inch: 25,400,000 nanometers
  • A strand of human HAIR: 80,000 – 100,000 nm
  • If a marble were a nanometer, then one (1) meter would be the size of the Earth
• Nanoscience


  The study and application of structures and materials that have dimensions at the nano scale level

  
• Nanoscience


  • The study of nanomaterials and their properties, and the understanding of how these materials, at the molecular level, provide novel properties and physical, chemical and biological phenomena that have been successfully used in innovative ways in a wide range of industries
• Nanotechnology


  The science and technology of objects at the nanoscale level, the properties of which differ significantly from that of their constituent material at the macroscopic or even microscopic scale

  
• Nanotechnology


  • It is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses understanding and control of matter at about 1-100 nm, leading to development of innovative and revolutionary applications
  • It covers all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale
  • It also involves DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION, PRODUCTION, and APPLICATION of structures, devices, and systems by controlling SHAPES and SIZES at the nanometer scale

  
• Nanotechnology is Convergent


  It brings TOGETHER various fields of science through its innovations, such as DNA silicon chips, converging with semiconductor science (inorganic chemistry) and biology, with applications in the medical industry
• Nanotechnology is Enabling


  It provides the platform and the tools to produce innovations
• Physicist RICHARD FEYNMAN: the Father of Nanotechnology
• Nanomaterials


  • Carbon nanotubes
  • Diamond
  • Quantum dots
  • Fullerenes
  • Graphite
  • Graphene
  • Graphene oxide
  • Dendrimers
  • Liposomes
  • DNA
  • Titanium Oxide (TiO2)
  • Silver
  • Iron Oxide (FeO2)
• Nano SOURCES


  • Naturally occurring: Volcanic ash, Forest fires, Ocean spray, Fine sand, Dust
  • Incidental / Anthropogenic: Produced as a consequence of human activities
  • Engineered / Manufactured / Industrial: Intentionally produced for a 'SPECIFIC' purpose
• Nanodevice


  A device with at least one overall dimension in the nanoscale, or comprising one or more nanoscale components essential to its operation

  
• Examples of Nanodevices

  • Photonic, plasmonic and metamaterial devices
  • Bio/chemical/nano sensing devices
  • II-VI/III-V compound optoelectronics and laser devices
  • Electron and nuclear spin devices
  • Energy harvesting systems (photonic)
  • Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
  • Microfluidics and Microsystems
  • Low dimensional nanostructures
  • Topological insulator electric and photonic systems
  • Bioelectronics

  
• Nanodevices in Medicine


  Nanoparticles that are created for the purpose of interacting with cells and tissues and carrying out very specific tasks, e.g. imaging tools (miniature cameras)
• Importance of Nanotechnology

  • To improve existing industrial processes, materials and applications by scaling them down to the nanoscale in order to ultimately fully exploit the unique quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale
  • To improve existing products by creating smaller components and better performance materials, all at a lower cost
• Nanotech products

  • Lighter
  • Stronger
  • Faster
  • Smaller
  • More durable
  • More efficient
• Richard Feynman gave a talk entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"


  December 29, 1959
• Over a decade later, in his explorations of ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology
• Development of the SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM) that could "see" individual atoms, marking the beginning of modern nanotechnology

  1981
• Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM)


  A type of microscope used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, developed in 1981 by inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
• Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)


  A type of scanning probe microscope invented in 1982 by scientists working in IBM and first used experimentally in 1986, with functioning enabled by surface sensing, detection, and imaging
• Two Approaches to Nanotechnology

  • Top-down Approach: Bulk materials are broken down into smaller and smaller particles (Norio Taniguchi)
  • Bottom-up Approach: Nanoparticles are built up an atom/molecule at a time (Richard Feynman)
• Applications of Nanotechnology


  • Everyday Life
  • Medical Robotics
  • Medicine and Pharmaceuticals
  • Gene Therapy
  • Energy Applications
  • Agriculture
  • Food Industry
  • Textiles
  • Sports
  • Cosmetics
  • Defense and Security
• Nanotechnology, although having many applications in other areas, have the most useful and promising applications in Medical Robotics
• Nanotechnology


  The study of the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale
• Two approaches to nanotechnology


  • Top-down: Larger and smaller particles
  • Bottom-up: Nanoparticles built up an atom/molecule at a time
• Applications of nanotechnology


  • Everyday Life
  • Medical Robotics
  • Medicine and Pharmaceuticals
  • Gene Therapy
  • Energy Applications
  • Agriculture
  • Food Industry
  • Textiles
  • Sports
  • Cosmetics
  • Defense and Security
• Nanotechnology in medical robotics


  • Potential applications include early diagnosis and targeted drug delivery for cancer, biomedical instrumentation, surgery, pharmacokinetics, monitoring of diabetes, and health care
  • Future medical nanotechnology expected to employ nanorobots injected into the patient to perform treatment on a cellular level
• Nanomaterials in medicine and pharmaceuticals


  • Small particle size
  • Surface functionalization is possible
  • Unique properties (magnetic, optical)

  
• Nanotechnology in cancer treatment


  • Nanocrystals can be effective agents for selective targeting and destruction of cancer cells
• Nanoplex biomarker detection


  • Silica-coated Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) – active metal nanoparticles allow robust, ultrasensitive, highly-multiplexed biomarker quantitation in any biological matrix, including blood
• Environmental and energy applications of nanotechnology


  • Water purification
  • Energy storage
  • Solar cells
  • Fuel cells
• Nanotechnology in agriculture


  • Targeted delivery of agrochemicals
  • Improved plant growth and disease resistance
  • Monitoring of plant and soil health
• Nanotechnology in the food industry


  • Improved food packaging
  • Enhanced food safety and quality
  • Targeted delivery of nutrients
• Nanotechnology in textiles


  • Improved durability and stain resistance
  • Self-cleaning and antimicrobial properties
  • Enhanced thermal and electrical conductivity
• Nanotechnology in sports


  • Improved athletic performance and equipment
  • Enhanced safety and protection
• Nanotechnology in cosmetics


  • Improved UV protection through nanoscale TiO2 and ZnO particles
• Nanotechnology in defense and security


  • Improved body armor through nanoparticle-reinforced materials
  • Shear thickening fluids and magnetorheological fluids for impact protection
• Other applications of nanotechnology

  • Carbon nanotubes
  • Photocatalysis
  • Propellants
  • Magnetic recording tapes
  • Transparent conductive coatings