Migration

• Migrants


  People who move from one place to another in order to live or work
• Types of migration


  • Voluntary
  • Involuntary
• Voluntary migration


  Movements are usually voluntary and often involve looking, and hoping for, a better quality of life and standard of living at the new destination
• Involuntary migration


  Movement is forced, migrants often do not know where their destination will be or what their quality of life and standard of living will be like, usually worse than where they used to live
• Emigrants


  Migrants who move out of a country
• Immigrants


  Migrants who move into a country
• Types of migrants


  • Asylum seeker
  • Refugee
  • Illegal immigrant
  • Economic migrant
  • Internal migrant
• Asylum seeker


  A person who leaves their country of origin for fear of persecution, asked for permission to stay in another country and waiting for a decision
• Refugee


  A person who leaves their country of origin in fear of their lives, run away often with no idea where they will end up and with no permission to stay in another country
• Illegal immigrant


  A person who enters a country to live and work there without permission
• Economic migrant


  A person who moves to live and work in a different country for at least a year
• Internal migrant


  A person who moves to live or work in a different place within the same country
• Many countries, especially those that are relatively wealthy such as the USA and those in Western Europe, have benefited greatly from migrant labour from other countries in the last two centuries
• In the 21st century, however, these and many other relatively wealthy countries have to manage a number of population issues including an ageing population, diminishing workforce, reduced birth rate, out low-paid work, and a workforce that lacks the skills that the country needs
• To solve these problems, some countries are encouraging people to emigrate from other countries to carry out these jobs, which has had both positive and negative impacts on the migrants, their families and the places they have left, as well as the indigenous people already living at the migrant's destination
• Push-pull model of migration


  Voluntary population movements or migrations usually take place because of inequalities in resources and opportunities, with push factors from the home area and pull factors from the new destination
• Push factors from rural areas


  • Unemployment
  • Low-paid jobs
  • Farm too small
  • Poor housing/shelter
  • No electricity
  • Poor water supply
  • Few schools
  • Natural disaster
  • Harsh climate
  • Few doctors/clinics
  • Crop failure
  • Civil war
  • Persecution
  • Poor transport
  • Safety
• Pull factors to urban areas


  • Work
  • Better paid jobs
  • Higher education
  • Join family
  • Better housing/shelter
  • Electricity supply
  • Water supply
  • More reliable transport
  • More doctors/hospitals
  • Better entertainment
  • Safer
  • More reliable food supply
  • Chance to improve
  • Freedom of speech