Midterm 2 Microbiology

• Allergic patients receiving small, controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing ____

  desensitization
• Which terminology is not used to describe members of the resident biota?

  pathogenic biota
• Many people tested positive for COVID-19, but they did not have any of the signs or symptoms of the disease. Infections like this are referred to as ________ infections.

  Asymptomatic
• A sign is

  an objective identification of disease and measurable by healthcare personnel
• An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called

  Exogenous
• Opportunistic pathogens

  Cause disease in compromised individuals
• The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is the 

  Incubation period
• _____ are bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots.

  Kinases
• The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a(n) _______.

  Symptom
• What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

  Lymph nodes
• What is the action of an interferon?

  Interferon, produced by a host cell in response to viral attack, is secreted and enters neighboring cells, stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in anticipation of an invasion.
• Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

  Lymphocytes
• Leukocytes that are derived from monocytes and have long, thin processes to trap pathogens are ________.

  Dendritic cells
• The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.

  Basophils
• Which of the following is not an event in phagocytosis? a. destruction b. phagolysosome formation c. chemotaxis d. diapedsis e. ingestion

  d. diapedsis
• The granules of basophils contain

  Histamine
• When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into ________.

  Monocytes
• Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it

  Creates a physical barrier against pathogens
• The most numerous WBC’s that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are

  Neutrophils
• Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

  Interferon
• The leakage of excess fluid into tissues is called

  Edema
• Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _______ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.

  Granulocytes
• Humoral immunity involved _____, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity

  B cells; T cells
• Circulating blood cells include Kupffer cells. True or False

  False
• Fever is initiated when a substance in circulation, called a(n) _________, acts on the hypothalamus causing it to reset body temperature to a higher setting.

  pyrogen
• During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

  Phagocytosis
• Cytokines mediate a variety of processes in the immune system, for example, ________ encourages inflammatory responses and ________ suppresses the actions of immune cells.

  TNF-β; IL-10
• Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?

  Thymus
• The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves ________.

  a ring-shaped protein that digests holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes
• Which white blood cells comprise 3% to 7% of circulating WBCs, are phagocytic, and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

  Monocytes
• IgG is associated wtih which hypersensitivities?

  Type II and Type III
• Allergic rhinitis Is also known as

  Hay fever
• What are the two types of severity in Type I allergic reactions?

  Atopy and anaphylaxis
• What are the four portals of entry for allergens?

  Inhalants, ingestants, injectants, contactants
• Anaphylaxis is associated with what type of antibodies

  IgE
• What type of cell gets triggered by IgE in allergic reactions?

  Mast cells
• What is a tell-tale sign of Type IV hypersensitivity?

  Slow to manifest
• What are three symptoms of histamine?

  itching, constriction of smooth muscle of bronchi and the intestine, and headaches
• How do antihistamines work?

  Block histamines by binding to receptors on target organs
• How does desensitization work?

  stimulates IgG (memory response) antibodies to get rid of IgE (allergic reaction response) production