multi hazard case study

• Location


  -South east Asia

  -13' North

  -Made from 7000 islands

  -Western rim of Pacific ring of Fire

  -In the cyclone belt

  -between the Eurasian plate and Philippines plate.
• Why is it multi-hazardous area?


  -Has volcanoes and earthquakes

  -strong tropical cyclones

  -Flooding and landslides and lahars

  -geophysical and hydro-metrological hazards
• physical context


  -Very low lying

  -7000 islands

  -widespread
• Social context


  -Population of 11 million

  -Capital, Manila and Island of Luzo is densely populated

  -Informal settlements makes up 45% of the urban population which leads to bad drinking water and healthcare

  -Built settlements in vulnerable areas such as Mount Pinatubo in 1991

  -The highest population is where the land is cheapest.

  -Major urbanisation in the last years
• Environmental context.


  -Deforestation leading to environmental degradation for urbanisation and agriculture

  -storm surges causing flooding.

  -Climate change leading to increase SLR, rising temp, heavy rainfall and more frequent weather hazards.
• Economic context


  -Economically deprived area so lack of hazard proof infrastructure and lacking services

  - $3300 GDP per capita compared to $53000 GDP in US

  - 16.6% in poverty

  -Pre pandemic saw that the Philippines's was on track to be a upper middle income but now the pandemic pushed it back to be a lower middle income.

  -Pre pandemic saw a 64% growth in economy

  -Post pandemic saw a reduction in tourism and exports, leading to a decline in income.
• Earthquake events


  -1990 Luzon earthquake of 7.8 and killed 1,600 people. Had major soil liquefaction and ground rupturing

  -1976 Mindanao earthquake of 7.9 killing 8,000 and 14 damaged buildings

  - 2013 Bohol earthquake with a 7.2 magnitude earthquake killing 200 and inuring 800.

  
  

  Also major tsunami occurred in the Mindandao earthquake
• Landslide events


  -occurs during earthquake and heavy rainfall

  -cliff saturation occurs and gets too heavy so causes the cliff to collapse

  -2006 landslide buried and kill a village of people.
• Flooding events


  -caused by storm surges

  -Can be amplified after a drought as the soil cannot infiltrate

  -December 2010 floods killed 25 and affected 450,000
• Drought events


  -Dry season becomes too harsh

  -Luzon island drought in 2005 where reduction in rainfall decreased river discharge which caused there to be a decrease in hydroelectric power. #
• Storm events


  -located in the cyclone belt 13' North

  - strong Coriolis effect causing rotation of low pressure systems and trade winds causing the storms to move westward.

  -Biggest fatalities comes form storm surges.

  - Typhoon Haiyan causing 6500 fatalities with wind speeds up to 315km/h

  -Typhoon Haiyan lead to better development of disaster managements structures by improving communications and creating roles
• Volcanic events


  -23 Active volcanoes

  -On a destructive plate so the Philippines is subducting under the Eurasian plate

  -1991 Mount Pinatubo. 500,000 people lived in a 40km radius of the volcano. 5000 evacuated beforehand. Global temperatures dropped by 0.5 for 2 years. Eruption followed by a Typhoon Yunya causing lahars killing 850.

  -Mayon volcano erupted 50 times in past 400 years. Known for its lahars

  -Taal volcano has over 33 eruptions and responsible for 5000 - 6000 deaths due to the densely populated area
• goverment corporation


  -Investing in more resilient infrastructure

  -70% of funding towards long term and 30% for emergency aid

  -
• Response


  -shifting from an adaptation focus response to a mitigation focus.

  -climate change focus with green infrastrcuture

  -land use management.
• International aid


  -USA government and armed forces involved in the disaster response , EDCA in 2014 to help with humanitarian response.

  -Red cross helping at a community level. Reduces impact if natural disasters, training local volunteers, identify risk through land use mapping, gain financial support for migration.
• Global govermance


  -UN states that Philippines's has the best risk reduction planning but there is still high numbers of deaths.
• Attitudes


  -religious beliefs will limit and increase the vulnerability

  -Many people have an adaptation or dominance attitude.