Visual Disorders

• Inflammation of conjunctiva, also known as 'pink eye'

  Conjunctivitis
• Bacterial conjunctivitis caused by what causative microorganisms?

  Streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus and haemophilus influenzae
• Is a bilateral chronic follicular conjunctivitis of childhood which may lead to blindness if left untreated

  Trachoma
• Transmission is by oralgenital sex or hand-to-eye transmission

  Inclusion Conjunctivitis
• Trachoma is caused by what?

  Chlamydia trachomatis
• Trachoma is leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide, particularly in areas with what?

  Poor Sanitation and Limited Access to Healthcare.
• How can trachoma spread?

  Direct contact.
• What stage of trachoma is this? - This early stage is charaterized by inflammation of conjunctiva and formation of small, raised bumps called follicles.

  Stage 1 - TRACHOMATOUS FOLLICULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS
• What stage of trachoma is this? - The inflammation becomes more severe, leading to scarring of conjunctiva and development of additional complications.

  Stage 2 - TRACHOMATOUS INTENSE CONJUNCTIVITIS
• What stage of trachoma is this? - CHRONIC inflammation and scarring of conjunctiva result in inward turning of eyelids (entropion) and eyelashes rubbing against cornea (trichiasis).

  May also lead to vision impairment and blindness if left untreated.

  STAGE 3 - CICATRICIAL TRACHOMA
• First-line of treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

  A.Oral Antibiotics

  B. Topical Corticosteroids

  C. Antibiotic Eye Drops

  D. Antihistamine Eye Drops

  C. Antibiotic Eye Drops - helps eradicate infection DIRECTLY
• Help soothe the eye and alleviate dryness caused by infection.

  Artificial Tears.
• Why is avoidance of contact lenses part of treatment?

  To prevent further irritation.
• This type of conjunctivitis is often referred to as 'pink eye'

  -Viral Conjunctivitis
• Viral Conjunctivitis is caused by what type of viruses?

  -Adenoviruses such as herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus
• Which type of conjunctivitis is associated more with upper respiratory infections?

  Viral Conjunctivitis
• Onset of Bacterial Conjunctivitis

  Rapid - often happening overnight
• Discharge of viral conjunctivitis?

  Watery and clear discharge
• Discharge of bacterial conjunctivitis?

  Thicker discharge, yellow or green in color
• Swelling and itchiness is more severe in what type of conjunctivitis?

  Viral Conjunctivitis
• Photophobia, sensitivity to light is more pronounced in what type of conjunctivitis?

  Viral Conjunctivitis
• Viral Conjunctivitis will last for one to two weeks, even WITHOUT antibiotic treatment.

  TRUE, it is in bacterial conjunctivitis that symptoms will last longer if not met with an antibiotic treatment.
• Treatment for viral conjunctivitis include:

  Antiviral medications or over the counter artificial tears
• Sharing one's personal items is fine and will not transmit any infections.

  FALSE.
• 3 ways to prevent viral conjunctivitis.

  Practice good hygiene. Avoid sharing of personal items. Isolate infected individuals
• What is the rationale for applying cold compress to the affected eye?

  Helps reduce swelling and irritation.
• Medications used to manage allergic conjunctivitis?

  Antihistamine eye drops
• This type of conjunctivitis is often associated with hay fever, asthma or eczema.

  Allergic conjunctivitis
• What type of conjunctivitis is caused by chlorine, exposure to toxic fumes and other irritants?

  Toxic Conjunctivitis
• Which nursing intervention is most important to prevent spread of infection?

  -Avoid rubbing your eyes
• Refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery.

  Low Vision
• Severe visual impairment characterized by inability to see or have significant loss of vision in both eyes.

  Blindness
• What is mostly the cause of low vision?

  -Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration.
• Refers to the complete absence of light perception or visual sensation in both eyes

  Absolute Blindness
•  A person is considered legally blind if their best-corrected visual acuity is 20/200 or worse in their better eye, or if their visual field is restricted to 20 degrees or less in the better eye. (TRUE OR FALSE)

  TRUE
• A handheld card or chart used to assess near visual acuity.

  Rosenbaum Pocket Screener
•  What is a simple screening method used to assess the gross extent of the visual field?

  Confrontation test
• What are centralscotomas?


  Blind or partially blind areas in the visual field
•  It involves arranging a series of color discs in order of hue, starting from a reference disc. The discs vary in hue but have uniform saturation and brightness.

  Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test
•  Similar to the Farnsworth-Munsell test but uses a smaller set of 15 color discs with desaturated hues. The test assesses the patient's ability to detect and arrange subtle differences in hue under conditions of reduced saturation.

  Lanthony Desaturated 15-Hue Test