M3:T2: Cellular metabolic process

• Respiration


  1. Aerobic/anaerobic breakdown of organic compounds = carbon dioxide

  2. ATP generation using oxidative phosphorylation through ETC
• Types of respiration


  • Aerobic: uses oxygen as electron acceptor and source is glucose
  • Anaerobic: does not use oxygen and uses organic compound
  • Chemolitotrophy: inorganic compounds are donors
  • Methanogensis: is in arecha, anaerobic, and carbon dioxide is acceptor while hydrogen is donor
• Fermentation


  1. Spoilage

  2. Alcohol and dairy products

  3. Anaerobic oxidation of organic compounds not using ECT

  4. ATP synthesis through substrate-level phosphorylation

  5. Oxidation of NADH by glycosis

  6. Pyruvate = acceptor <— l.acid product

  7. Regenerates NAD+ from pyruvate = 2 ATP
• Phototrophy


  1. Uses light to make chemical to fix to carbon

  2. Light reaction from photo phosphorylation

  3. Dark cycle uses Calvin cycle "kerbs"

  4. Bacterio or chlorophyll = pigments
• Types of phototrophy


  • Anoxygenic: doesn't uses oxygen or water, 1 photsystem, and recycles electrons (bacteriophyll)
  • Oxygenic: uses water and oxygen, 2 photsystems, doesn't recycle electrons and uses Calvin cycle (chlorophyll)
• Glycosis makes 2 ATP and 2 NADH in substrate level
• The critic acid cycle makes 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 in substrate level
• Glycosis makes 2 ATP from NADH in the oxidative process
• The critic acid cycle makes 18 ATP from NADH and 4 ATP from FADH2 in the oxidative process
• Electron transport system in prokaryotes


  Transfers electrons from donor to receptor through the cypto membrane
• Electron transport chain (ETC)


  Transfers electrons with electron reduction potential to generate ATP
• Glucose produces 38 ATP
• Chemiosmosis


  • Generates ATP from proton gradient and electrochemical potential across cytoplasm membrane
  • Inside: -ve and alkaline
  • Outside: +ve and acidic (oxygen is produced here) and there is more energy
• Chemosynthesis


  Chemical energy used for carbon fixation
• ATP synthase "ATPase"


  Complex that converts proton motive force to ATP phosphorylation of ADP
• Ways microbes get nutrition from other compounds


  • Polysscharides
  • Proteins through protease of AA
  • Lipids through beta-ox of fatty acids
• Electrons flow from most negative to most positive
• If Gibbs free energy is negative, it means it is exogenic and energy is released
• Methanogens


  • Strict diet of substrates
  • Rely on communities of independent organisms
  • Material used: hydrogen
• Calvin cycle


  Produce organic compounds