Bio

• Golgi


  • Packing up proteins in vesicles
• Chloroplasts


  • Contain chlorophyll which is a light trapping pigment (photosynthesis)
• Lysosomes


  • Fluid filled sacs that can digest or recycle molecules and trigger controlled cell death
• Vacuole (animal cells)


  • Smaller and sequester waste products
• Vacuole (plant cells)


  • Maintain water balance
• Centriole


  • Pull apart genetic material during mitosis
• Cell walls


  • Lie outside, protect, support and maintain the shape of the cell, prevent excess water take or loss
• Prokaryotic cell features


  • Simple cells
  • No nucleus
  • DNA is circular and float freely
  • Smaller size
  • Allows them to reproduce faster and help
  • Few organelles not surrounded by membranes (ribosomes)
  • Simpler structure
• Eukaryotic cell features


  • Complex cells with nucleus
  • Larger size
  • Lower surface area to volume ratio making transport harder
  • Have ER and Golgi to help with this
  • DNA is linear and enclosed in a nucleus
  • DNA replication and RNA transcription
  • Have organelles surrounded by membranes (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
  • More complex structure
• Prokaryotic cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
• Surface Area & Volume ratio

  Ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume
• Cells


  • Need to exchange materials (like oxygen, nutrients, and waste) with their environment
  • This exchange happens across the cells
• Higher Surface Area to Volume ratio

  Means more surface area relative to cells volume, making it easier for materials to move in and out of the cell
• As a cell grows

  Its Volume increases faster than its Surface area