PORTS

• Water transportation

  • Inland transportation
  • Ocean transportation
• Inland Water transportation


  • River transportation
  • Canal transportation
• Ocean Water transportation


  Adopted for trade and commerce
• It is estimated that about 75 per cent of international trade is carried out by shipping
• Navy force


  Intended for national defense
• Ocean water transportation


  • Has a limitation
  • Possesses high flexibility
• Harbour


  A sheltered area of the sea in which vessels could be launched, built or taken for repair; or could seek refuge in time of storm; or provide for loading and unloading of cargo and passengers
• Harbours

  • Natural harbours
  • Semi-natural harbours
  • Artificial harbours
• Natural harbours


  Natural formations affording safe discharge facilities for ships on sea coasts, in the form of creeks and basins
• Semi-natural harbours


  Protected on sides by headlands protection, and it requires man-made protection only at the entrance
• Artificial harbours


  Where natural facilities are not available, countries having a seaboard had to create or construct such shelters making use of engineering skill and methods
• Port


  A harbour where terminal facilities, such as stores, landing of passengers and cargo, etc. are added to it
• Classification of ports Depending upon the location

  • Canal ports
  • River ports
  • Sea ports
• Main Considerations for TIDES AND WAVES

  • Coastal currents and evidences of sitting, including littoral drift or coast erosion
  • Tides and tidal range
  • Wind, wave and their combined effect on harbour structures
• Tides

  Caused by the sun and moon, resulting in the apparent variation of mean sea level known as the tidal range
• Waves


  The 'sea wave' is by far the most powerful force acting on harbour barriers and against which the engineer has to contend. It has the impulse of a huge battering ram and equipped with the point of a pickaxe and chisel edge. It is the most incompressible natural phenomena. The formation of storm waves takes place in the open sea due to the action of wind.
• Water waves

  • Waves of oscillation
  • Waves of translation
• Breakwaters


  The protective barrier constructed to enclose harbours and to keep the harbour waters undisturbed by the effect of heavy and strong seas. A barrier that breaks the water to decrease its energy.
• Detrimental forces acting on breakwaters

  • Hydrostatic force
  • External forces
• Breakwaters are classified mainly into three types


  • Heap or mound breakwater
  • Mound with superstructure
  • Upright wall breakwater
• Wharves


  Platforms or landing places necessary for ships to come, close enough to the shore, for purposes of embarkation, disembarkation, etc. at the same time. They are built out into or on to the water, affording a working platform alongside the ship in continuity of the shore.
• Piers


  Structures built perpendicular or oblique to the shore of a river or sea, where the sea is not deep and the natural harbour is not convenient for allowing the ships to berth adjacent to the shore.
• Quays


  Wharves along and parallel to the shore, and their protection walls
• Jetties


  Structures in the form of piled projections, built out from the shore to deep water, either for a navigable river or in the sea. In rivers, they divert the current away from the riverbank and thus, the scouring action is prevented.
• Fender


  The cushion provided on the face of jetty for ships to come in contact
• Necessity for navigational aids

  • To avoid dangerous zones like hidden rocky outcrop and sand bars
  • To follow proper approaches
  • To locate ports
• Examples of navigational aids

  • Fixed and floating light stations
  • Lighthouse
  • Signals
• Requirements of a signal

  • It should be conspicuously visible, from a long distance
  • It should not vary in character and should be positively recognizable
  • It should be simple for identification
• Types of signals

  • Light signals
  • Fog signals
  • Audible signals
• Light signals are subdivided into three types

  • Light ships
  • Beacons
  • Buoys
• Authority

  The Philippine Ports Authority created by this Decree
• Board


  The Board of Directors of the Authority appointed by the President
• Port District


  The territorial jurisdiction under the control, supervision or ownership of the Authority over an area (land or sea), declared as such in accordance with Section 5 of this Decree including but not limited to any Port within said District
• Port


  A place where ships may anchor or tie up for the purpose of shelter, repair, loading or discharge of cargo, or for other such activities connected with water-borne commerce, and including all the land and water areas and the structures, equipment and facilities related to these functions
• Navigable waters


  All navigable portions of the seas, estuaries, and inland waterways
• Anchorage


  A place with sufficient depth of water where vessels anchor or may ride at anchor or may ride at anchor within the harbor
• Terminal Facility


  Includes the seaport and its facilities of wharves, piers, slips, docks, dry docks, bulkheads, basins, warehouses, cold storage, and loading or unloading equipment
• Basin


  A naturally or artificially enclosed or nearly enclosed body of water in free communication with the sea
• Dock


  Includes locks, cuts, entrances, graving docks, inclined planes, slipways, quays, and other works and things appertaining to any dock
• Drydock


  A dock from which the water can be temporarily excluded, in order to effect repairs to hulls and keels of ships or vessels