Geography theme 1

• The world's population is increasing by approximately 80 million people a year
• what is a population explosion?

  the highest global population growth rate
• when did the population explosion happen and why?

  early to mid 1960s, the carrying capacity of the land increased due to technological advancement
• carrying capacity definition


  largest population that the resources of a given environment can support
• the world population has increased gradually up until 1800 where it reached around 1 billion. The population then increased rapidly until 1999 where it reached 6 billion. It's expected to reach 8.5 billion by 2025
• birth rate definition


  the average number of births in a year for every 1,000 people in the total population
• death rate definition

  the average number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in the total population
• natural increase/decrease definition

  the difference between the death and birth rate
• infant mortality rate

  the average number of children who are born alive but die before the age of one in a year for every 1,000 people in the total population
• life expectancy

  the average number of years that a person in a country can expect to live
• optimum population definition

  the population level at which the highest economic standard of living is achieved. the resources are exploited effectively
• is Australia under or overpopulated?

  underpopulated
• population in Australia?

  26.6 million
• describe Australia's location?

  In Oceania, between Indian and South Pacific ocean
• population density Australia

  3 per km^2
• mostly populated areas Australia

  southeastern coast and western coast
• three major natural resources Australia

  coal, oil, copper
• Bangladesh population

  175 million
• bangladesh capital city

  Dhaka
• Describe the location of Bangladesh


  Located in north-eastern part of south Asia. It borders with India to the north, east and west, and with Myanmar to the southwest
• population density in Bangladesh

  1,180 per km^2
• three major floodplains Bangladesh

   Brahmaputra, the Ganges and the Meghna.
• Dhaka population density


  38,000 per km^2
• what causes population growth to slow?

  contraception, low fertility rates, anti natalist policies, career women, costs of having children
• overpopulation definition

  when there is not enough resources for the inhabitants in an area. Inevitably this leads to famine, water and electricity shortages, increased unemployment
• underpopulation definition


  when there is more resources than inhabitants in an area. Surplus in food and water results in wastes. Societal systems such as schools and hospitals will then not have enough demand to run at a sustainable level. So the cost per capita for the service will increase. 
• Russia population 


  11 births per 1000 people
• Does Russia have high or low population growth?

  low
• Russia key population issues

  In recent years Russia has passed to a market economy. Many people are rich but many others are living in poor conditions. Inequality, unemployment, poverty and the cost of raising children are the main problems
• Kenya birth rate

  27 births per 1000 people
• describe Kenya's location


  Located in South Africa. It border with Somalia, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania and the Indian ocean
• Kenya dependency

  very high dependency ratio, 42% of the population is under 15
• Kenya key population issues


  low amount of land per capita for farmers and children (70% of the population lives in rural areas). People who can't find work move to urban areas.
• Does Kenya have a low or high population growth?

  High
• what causes a high birth rate?

  children need to work to bring money home, children have to look after elders, lack of availability or knowledge of contraception, high infant mortality (parents hope some children will survive), religious beliefs
• Anti natalist policy in china?

  The one-child policy was a government-mandated population control policy in China
• causes of one child policy

  Resource Pressure(big population=concern for scarcity), Economic Goals(to reduce poverty), Government control
• consequences of one child policy?

  Gender Imbalance (policy had preference for males), Aging Population (less younger people to support the elderly), Social Disruption (forced abortions, sterilizations, and fines, which disrupted family dynamics), Economic Impact (labour shortage), Reform and Adaptation (china relaxed policy in 2015)
• Causes of pro natalist policy in France

  low birth rates, population aging, economic concerns
• what is the pro natalist policy in France?

  offered financial incentives to mothers who stayed at home to

  look after children, subsidised holidays, longer maternity and paternity leave, higher child benefits, child-oriented policies,