PR1_Q4

• Traditional Review of Literature - does not require you to describe your method of reviewing literature but expects you to state your intentions in conducting the review and to name the sources of information
• Conceptual Review – analysis of concepts or ideas to give meaning to some national or world issues
• Critical Review – focuses on theories or hypotheses and examines meanings and results of their application to situations
• State-of-the-Art Review – makes the researcher deal with the latest research studies on the subject
• Expert Review – encourages a well-known expert to do the RRL because of the influence of a certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on him/her
• Scoping Review – prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of project making about community development, government policies, and health services, among others
• Systematic Review of Literature - a style of review of literature which is methodical and involves sequential acts
• Dump or Stringing Method - mere description, transfer, or listing of writer’s ideas that is devoid of or not reflective of your thinking
• Integral Citation - expresses the author’s mental position, attitude, stand, or opinion in relation to the information referred to
• Non-integral Citation - stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas
• Summary - the citation in this case is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language
• Paraphrase- the antithesis of the summary. instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words.
• Short Direct Quotation - only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote. it is necessary to state the page number
• Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract - this citation pattern makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words
• Case Study - explaining the reasons behind the nature of something's existence
• Ethnography - a study of a certain cultural group or organization
• Phenomenology - follows a research method that will let you understand the ways of how people go through inevitable events in their lives
• Grounded Theory - aims at developing a theory to increase your understanding of something in a psycho-social context
• A return to the previous data to validate a newly found theory is called zigzag sampling
• Simple Random Sampling - Here, the only basis for including or excluding a member is by chance or opportunity, not by any occurrence accounted for by cause-effect relationships
• Systematic Sampling - chance and system are the ones to determine who should compose the sample
• Stratified Sampling - The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage
• Cluster Sampling - a probability sampling that makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as sample members
• Non-Probability Sampling - The subjects are chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the study, and in some cases, at the sole discretion of the researcher.
• Probability Sampling - By means of this unbiased sampling, you are able to obtain a sample that is capable of representing the population under study or of showing strong similarities in characteristics with the members of the population
• Quota Sampling - In this case, you tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the characteristics of the target population.
• Voluntary Sampling - there is no need for you to do any selection process
• Purposive or Judgmental Sampling - You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich experience or interest in your study
• Availability Sampling - The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you counts a lot in this nonprobability sampling method.
• Snowball Sampling - Free to obtain data from any group freely expanding and accumulating at a certain place, you tend to increase the number of people you want to form the sample of your study.
• Observation is a technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of your research.
• Participant Observation - The observer, who is the researcher, takes part in the activities of the individual or group being observed.
• Descriptive Observation - This first or initial part of the record describes the people, places, events, conversation, and other things involved in the activity or object focused on by the research.
• Narrative Account - The second part of the diary gives your interpretations or reflections about everything you observed.
• Non-participation or Structured Observation - This type of observation completely detaches you from the target of your observation.
• Recording of nonparticipation observations happens through the use of a checklist.
• Checklist can also be called observation schedule.
• Direct - This observation method makes you see or listen to everything that happens in the area of observation.
• Indirect - This method is also called behavior archaeology because, here, you observe traces of past events to get information or a measure of behavior, trait, or quality of your subject.
• Continuous Monitoring or CM - you observe to evaluate the way people deal with one another