BIO1

• T1: Definition of monomer

  Smaller units from which larger molecules are made
• T1: Definition of Polymer

  made of many monomers bonded together
• T1: Give 3 examples of monomers

  glucose, amino acids, nucleotides
• T1: Give 3 polymers in which glucose can make

  Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
• T1: What is the polymer of amino acid

  protein
• T1: What is the polymer of nucleotide

  DNA and RNA
• T1: What is a condensation reaction

  Joining two molecules together creating a chemical bond and removing water
• T1: What is a hydrolysis reaction?

  Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule
• T1: What do all carbohydrates contain?

  C, H, O
• T1: Name 3 monosaccharides

  glucose, fructose, galactose
• T1: Name 3 disaccharides

  sucrose, lactose, maltose
• T1: Name 3 polysaccharides

  starch, cellulose, glycogen
• T1: What is the chemical formula of glucose

  C6H12O6
• T1: Draw an alpha glucose molecule

  
• T1: Draw a beta glucose molecule

  
• T1: What is an isomer?

  compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
• T1: Give an example of an isomer

  Glucose (alpha and Beta)
• T1: What is a disaccharide

  two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond formed by a condensation reaction
• T1: How to form a maltose

  glucose + glucose—> maltose+ water
• T1: How to form lactose

  glucose + galactose—> lactose + water
• T1: How to form sucrose

  glucose + fructose—> sucrose + water
• T1: How is a polysaccharide formed?

  Condensation reaction between many glucose monomers
• T1: Which polysaccharide are made by alpha glucose

  Starch and Glycogen
• T1: Which polysaccharide is made from beta glucose

  Cellulose
• T1: Contrast the chemical bond in starch cellulose and glycogen

  Starch and glycogen can form 1-4 and 1-6 (1-6 bonds allow branching) glycosidic bond

  
  

  Whereas cellulose can only form 1-4 glycosidic bonds (straight chain)
• T1: What is the function of starch and glycogen

  Store of glucose
• T1: What is the function of cellulose

  Providing structure strength to plant cell walls
• T1: Where is starch found?

  plant cells e.g. chloroplasts
• T1: Where is cellulose found

  plant cell walls
• T1: Where is glycogen found

  Animals- mainly in muscle and liver cells
• T1: What are the two polymers of starch

  amylose (unbranched helix) and amylopectin (branched molecule)
• T1: How does amylose being an unbranched helix help it's function

  It can coil up and do a lot of glucose can be stored in a small space so is compact
• T1: How does amylopectin being a branched molecule help it's function

  Increases SA for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose. Insolvable so won't affect water potential
• T1: How does cellulose structure help its function

  T1: Many H bonds provide strength; it is insoluble- won't affect water potential
• T1: How does the structure of glycogen help its function

  Branched structure- increased SA- rapid hydrolysis back to glucose. Insolvable- won't affect water potential
• T1: What is the structure of cellulose

  Polymer forms long straight chains.

  Chains are held in parallel by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils
• T1: What is the structure of glycogen

  highly branched molecule
• T1: What are the two lipids you need to know

  Triglycerides, phospholipids
• T1: Compare and contrast phospholipid and triglyceride

  Both have glycerol molecule both contain fatty acid chains which can be saturated or unsaturated

  
  

  Triglycerides contain 3 fatty acids whereas phospholipids contain 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group
• T1: How are triglycerides formed?

  condensation of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids molecules

  
  

  forming 3 ester bonds

  
  

  This is 3 condensation reactions and 3 water molecules lost