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Bassant Talaat
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Cards (108)
Receptors
Structures that can detect
stimuli
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Effectors
Structures that can produce a response to a
stimulus
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Response
should be coordinated, in animals two communication systems (
nervous
& hormonal) are involved to bind between receptors and effectors to insure that the right effector did the right response at the right time
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Nerve
impulses
Electrical signals that pass along the nerve cells called
neurons
, to deliver
messages
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Neurons
They have long,
thin
fibres of cytoplasm
stretching out
from the cell body
The
longest
fibre in a neurone is called an
axon
The
shorter
fibres are called
dendrites
The
dendrites
pick up
electrical signals
from other neurones lying nearby
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Transmission
of nerve impulses
1. Signal passes to the
cell body
2. Then along the
axon
3. Might pass it to another
neurone
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Central nervous system (CNS)
Made of neurons, includes two parts;
brain
protected in the skull &
spinal cord
protected inside vertebral column
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Functions
of CNS
Receive messages from
receptors
Integrate
and
process
information
Coordinate
responses by sending out signals to
effectors
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Nerves are bundles made of many
nerve fibers
(axons)
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The nervous system is differentiated into two main parts:
Central nervous system
and
Peripheral nervous system
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Impulses
Carried along
neurones
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Main
parts of the nervous system
Central
nervous system
Peripheral
nervous system
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Central
nervous system (CNS)
Made of neurons, includes
brain
protected in the skull &
spinal cord
protected inside vertebral column
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Functions of CNS
1. Receive messages from the
receptors
2. Coordinate the
proper
response
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Peripheral
nervous system (PNS)
Made of
receptors
and
nerves
(sensory and motor)
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Functions
of PNS
1.
Receptors
detect the stimuli and
convert
them to nerve impulses (electrical signals)
2. Sensory neurones carry
impulses
from the
receptors
to CNS
3. Motor neurones carry
impulses
from the
CNS
to effectors
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Motor
(
effector
) neurons
Has
cell body
at one end, many short dendrites, with long axon covered with
myelin sheath
Carry
nerve impulses
from the
CNS
to the effectors
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Sensory
neurons
Cell body not at one end, carry impulses from the
receptors
to
CNS
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Relay
(connector) neurons
Inside the
CNS
Carry impulses from the
sensory
to
motor
neurons
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Reflex
actions
Automatic
and rapid,
integrating
and coordinating responses to stimuli
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Components
of reflex arc
1.
Receptor
2.
Sensory neuron
3.
Relay neuron
4.
Motor neuron
5.
Effector
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Reflex
arc
Pathway of nerve impulses in a
reflex
action
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Differences
between voluntary and involuntary actions
Voluntary: Under conscious control, Need
learning
and training, Start in the
brain
, Slower
Involuntary: Not under conscious control, Do not need
learning
and training, Start at the receptors,
Faster
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Voluntary
actions
Walking
, writing,
reading
, talking
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Involuntary
actions
Knee jerk,
withdrawal
reflex,
heart
beats
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Reflex
arc
Pathway of reflex action
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Components
of reflex arc
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron
Effector
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Reflex
arc
Pathway of nerve impulses
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Voluntary
and involuntary actions
Voluntary
Involuntary
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Voluntary
actions
Walking, writing, reading, talking
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Involuntary
actions
Knee jerk,
withdrawal
reflex,
heart
beats
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Consciousness
Voluntary actions are
under
conscious control, involuntary actions are
not
under conscious control
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Learning and training
Voluntary
actions need learning and training,
involuntary
actions do not need learning and training
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Pathway
Voluntary actions start in the
brain
, involuntary actions start at the
receptors
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Speed
Voluntary
actions are slower,
involuntary
actions are faster
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Synapse
Junction between
two
neurons
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Structure
of synapse
Synaptic
cleft
Synapse
Vesicles
containing
neurotransmitter
Receptors
on next neuron
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How
impulses are transmitted at synapse
1. Arrival of impulse causes
vesicles
to release
neurotransmitter
2. Neurotransmitter diffuses across
synaptic
cleft and binds to
receptors
3. This triggers a
nerve
impulse in the next
neuron
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Synapse
Acts as a
one-way
valve, ensures nerve impulses only travel in
one
direction
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Many drugs like heroin act on
synapse
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