DC Final Part 2 (Anatomy/Physiology)

Cards (56)

  • Amylase
    Enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates
  • Alimentary Canal Layers

    Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
  • Lactase
    Enzyme lacking in lactose-intolerant individuals
  • Stomach Region, layers, and features + rugae
    Regions -
    Layers:
    Mucosa: The innermost lining, containing glands that release digestive juices.
    Submucosa: Supports the mucosa and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
    Muscularis externa: Thick muscles responsible for stomach movement.
    Serosa: The outermost layer, covered by a membrane.

    Features:
    • Temporarily store food.
    • Contract and relax to mix and break down food.
    • Produce enzymes and other specialized cells to digest food.
    Rugae - series of ridges produced by folding of the internal surface of the stomach
  • Stomach Secretions

    Gastric juice: Secreted by the gastric mucosa, it renders food particles soluble, initiates digestion (particularly of proteins), and converts the gastric contents to a semiliquid mass called chyme.
    • Mucus: Produced by the cells lining the stomach.
    • Hydrochloric acid: Also secreted by the cells lining the stomach.
    • Pepsin precursor: An enzyme that breaks down proteins.
  • Hepatic Portal System

    System carrying blood to liver for processing
  • MALT in Small Intestine

    Immune tissue like Peyer's patches for defense
  • Liver Production
    Produces bile stored in the gallbladder
  • Anabolism vs Catabolism
    Building vs breaking down molecules
  • Total Blood Cholesterol
    Measure important for heart health, HDL (High-density Lipoprotein) vs LDL (Low-density Lipoprotein)

    • HDL (good cholesterol) transports cholesterol to your liver to be released from your body, helping to rid your body of excess cholesterol.
    • LDL (bad cholesterol) takes cholesterol to your arteries, where it can collect in your artery walls, raising your risk for heart disease and stroke.
  • Goiter
    Enlarged thyroid due to iodine deficiency
  • Vitamin K
    Important for blood clotting
  • Nutrients vs Minerals

    Essential substances vs inorganic elements

    • Nutrients include proteins, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. (Ex: Fruits, grains, veggies, protein)
    • Minerals are inorganic substances found in soil and rock. (Milk, cheese, whole grains, seeds, nuts)
  • Absorptive vs Postabsorptive State
    Fed state vs fasting metabolic states

    Fed state: Occurs after a meal when your body is digesting food and absorbing nutrients
    Fasting metabolic state: when food has been digested and stored, body shifts to utilize stored nutrients to maintain energy levels
  • Essential Nutrient (amino acid) vs Nonessential
    Required vs synthesized by the body

    Essential nutrients are those that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained from food
    Nonessential nutrients can be synthesized in the body and are not critical for maintaining life
  • Respirometer
    Measures metabolic rate through oxygen consumption
  • Scurvy Cause
    Vitamin C deficiency leading to weak connective tissue
  • Gluconeogenesis
    Process of making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
  • Cell Respiration Parts

    Includes glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC

    Glycolysis - converts glucose into pyruvate (forms ATP and NADH: high energy molecules)
    Krebs cycle - transfers energy from glucose to electron carriers
    ETC - Electron transport chain, main source of ATP productions, transfers electrons to form a proton
  • Urinary System Anatomy

    Blood filtration to urine formation pathway

    1. Filter gallons of fluid from the bloodstream.
    2. Waste processing: allowing wastes and excess ions to leave the body in urine while returning needed substances to the blood in just the right proportions.
    3. Elimination of wastes, toxins, and drugs from the body.
    4. Regulation of blood’s volume and chemical makeup so that the proper balance between water and salts and between acids and bases is maintained.
  • Renal Corpuscle
    Filters blood in the kidney to form urine
  • Cortical Nephrons

    Located in the kidney's outer cortex
  • Nephron Physiology
    Filtration, reabsorption, secretion processes
  • Filtrate vs Urine
    Pre-urine vs waste product in the kidney
  • GFR
    Glomerular filtration rate indicating kidney function
  • Enlarged Prostate Impact

    Obstructs urine flow in men
  • ADH
    Antidiuretic hormone regulating water reabsorption
  • Edema
    Fluid retention causing swelling
  • ICF vs ECF
    Intracellular vs extracellular fluid distribution
  • Water Movement in Cells
    Through osmosis and aquaporins
  • Blood pH

    Normal range and acidosis vs alkalosis
  • Chemical Buffers

    Substances stabilizing pH in the body
  • Primary Solutes in ICF/ECF

    Key ions in intracellular and extracellular fluids
  • Reproductive Hormones

    FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone functions
  • Mitosis vs Meiosis
    Cell division for growth vs genetic diversity
  • Ovarian Cycle Phases
    Follicular, ovulation, luteal phases
  • Primary vs Secondary Oocytes
    Developing vs mature egg cells
  • Puberty Hormone Trigger

    Hormone signaling onset of sexual maturity
  • Fertilization Process

    Union of egg and sperm in the fallopian tube
  • Uterus Layers

    Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium regions