PE - Cardiovascular and Respiratory system

• The cardiovascular system includes

  the heart, the vessels, the blood
• What is the heart responsible for?


  -Theheartis responsible for sendingoxygenated bloodto the rest of the body, and deoxygenated blood to the lungs-It allows for this via the cardiac cycle, where the heart fills with blood, contracts and pumps it out and then relaxes and refills.
• features of the heart


  pulmonary artery, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary vein, right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.

  
• Aorta


  This is the large artery at the top of the heart that sends the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
• Pulmonary arteries


  carry deoxygenated blood out of the heart (right ventricle) and into the lungs- blue in colour
• Pulmonary veins


  These transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium)
• superior and inferior vena cava

  Bring deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart (superior- at the top, inferior at the bottom)
• How is the heart divided?


  The heart is divided into four chambers, two upper chambers - the atria (atrium = 1) and two lower chambers - the ventricles
• The valves in the heart

  tricuspid valve, pulmonic valve, mitral valve, aortic valve
• What do the valves do in the heart?


  The valves in the heart ensure that the blood travels in the same direction during the cardiac cycle
• RED=


  oxygenated blood FROM the lungs
• BLUE=


  deoxygenated blood TO the lungs
• The cardiac cycle and flow of blood through the heart-


  STAGE 1The two atria fill with:

  -blood coming back from the body (deoxygenated) via the superior and inferior vena cava

  -and oxygenated blood coming through the pulmonary veins from the lungs

  
• The cardiac cycle and flow of blood through the heart-


  STAGE 2The pressure resulting from the blood in the atria triggers the opening of the tricuspid and mitral valves - blood then flows into the ventricles

  
• The cardiac cycle and flow of blood through the heart-


  STAGE 3 & 4-The atria contract forcing the blood into the ventricles, the valves close.

  
  

  -The pulmonary and aortic valves open, the ventricles contract forcing blood into the aorta (heading for the body) OR the pulmonary artery (headed to the lungs)

  
• Heart rate


  •the amount of times the heart beatsper minute. It is measured in beats per minute (bpm)ranges between 60-100bpm
• Stroke volume


  •is the amount of blood (mL) leaving the left ventricle per beat

  •Resting stroke volume is approximately 70-90mL
• change from rest to sub-max intensity exercise for Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output


  all increase as increase amount of oxygenated blood
• Max heart rate


  220-age
• What relationship does heart rate have to exercise intensity?

  •Heart rate – has adirect linear relationship to exercise intensity- This means that as intensity increases, heart rate increases

  
• from sub-maximal- to maximal (eg: faster running/sprinting), stroke volume...


  -plateausand there are no further increases.-This means that as intensity increases beyond sub-maximal, stroke volume will remain a similar value

  
• Why does stroke volume will remain a similar value beyond sub-max (not continue to increase) ?


  •Theleft ventriclehas a limited filling capacity,so with the reduced filling time – this means it can only fill with so much blood and has a maximal limit
• venous return


  return of the blood back to the heart
• Cardiac output


  •the amount of blood leaving the left ventricleper minute.

  Cardiac output (L/min) = stroke volume (mL) x heart rate (bpm)
• What happens as cardiac output requires more intensity as it moves from sub-maximal to maximal?

  •The higher the intensity, the greater cardiac output (L/min) isrequired to provide a greater delivery of oxygenated blood per minute to the working muscle
• what is a submaximal exercise


  running at a steady rate or jogging
• maximal exercise


  high intensity running, sprint
• red blood cells


  - produced in bone marrow

  - contain protein hemoglobin

  - carry oxygen to body tissues and muscles
• components of blood


  plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• white blood cells


  - produced in bone marrow

  - important role in immunity
• blood plasma


  - clear yellow fluid- 90% water

  - carries nutrients, transports waste, assists platelets with clotting

  - helps maintain internal body temperature
• platelets


  - produced in bone marrow

  - help form blood clots to stop bleeding
• blood vessels


  arteries, veins, capillaries
• Arteries


  - carry blood away from the heart

  - thick and elastic outer wall with small lumen (space inside)

  - blood travels under high blood pressure

  - branch into small arterioles
• Veins


  - transport blood towards the heart

  - thin wall with large lumen

  - blood travels at low pressure

  - have valves to prevent back flow of blood

  - branch into small venules
• Capillaries


  - very thin walls- one cell thick

  - surround tissues for diffusion of oxygen
• two systems or circuits blood flow from the heart has

  The pulmonary circuit/circulation and The systemic circuit/circulation
• The pulmonary circuit


  This is the flow of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returning oxygenated blood to the heart via the pulmonary veins and arteries

  
• The pulmonary vein is...

  the only vein in the body that transports oxygenated blood - all other veins transport deoxygenated blood
• The pulmonary artery is...

  the only artery in the body that transports deoxygenated blood - all other arteries transport oxygenated blood