History

• Early Philippine Period


  • Foreigners such as Indians, Chinese, Borneans, etc. visited the islands for trade purposes and established settlements
  • Era was marked by peaceful interactions and the absence of foreign invasions, as the foreign visitors were primarily interested in trade
• Inter-Island & Intra-Island Trading

  1. Early Filipinos in coastal areas traded with each other and with people in upland areas

  2. Commercial exchanges between and among islands in the Philippines also developed due to the maritime culture of Filipinos and the availability of boats
• Orang Dampuans


  Also known as Men from Champa, were early traders who originated from Southern Annam
• Orang Dampuans established trading posts in Sulu between 900 and 1200 A.D.


  This resulted in a thriving trade relationship between Sulu and Southern Annam
• Banjarmasin people from Borneo


  Gained influence over Sulu and turned it into an emporium that attracted trading ships from across Southern Asia and China
• Trade with Siam and Tonkin


  Flourished in the middle of the 14th century, with traders exchanging their porcelain products for local Philippine goods
• Trade relations between China and the Philippines

  Began in the 10th century, with a peak in the 14th and 15th centuries
• The Philippines' trade relations with India may have occurred indirectly through Indianized Southeast Asians
• Chinese writer Chao Ju-Kua noted the Chinese trade with Ma-i (Mindoro) and the honesty of Filipinos in the early 13th century
• Early Chinese trading junks brought goods and immigrants to the Philippines
• The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) exercised nominal suzerainty over the Philippines, and some Filipinos paid tribute to China
• The last Filipino tribute embassy to China occurred in 1421
• Japanese pirates, kingdom builders, and settlers


  Had a presence in the Philippines, particularly in Luzon, during the pre-colonial period
• Japanese traders, particularly those from Nagasaki, frequently visited the Philippines to barter goods for items such as gold, pearls, and native earthen jars
• Some Japanese sailors and immigrants even settled in the Philippines and intermarried with Filipinos
• Japanese records suggest that early Spanish explorers found Japanese settlements in Manila and Agoo, La Union Province
• The Arab missionary-scholar Mudum arrived in Sulu and established the foundation of Islam in the Philippines


  1380
• Rajah Baginda of Sumatra led an army of Muslim invaders, equipped with firearms, to Sulu, where he defeated the native opposition and solidified the presence of Islam in the region


  1390
• Abu Bakr, a Muslim leader from Palembang, Sumatra, arrived in Sulu and married the daughter of Rajah Baginda. After Baginda's death, Abu Bakr proclaimed himself as the Sultan of Jolo, establishing the Sultanate of Jolo

  1450
• Sharif Kubungsuan, a Muslim leader from Johore, arrived in Cotabato and established the first Muslim sultanate of Maguindanao


  1475
• Significance of the Introduction of Islam

  • Unification of Mindanao
  • Spread of Islam to Visayas and Luzon
  • Successful Resistance of Muslims to Spanish Colonization
  • Present Secessionist Movement in Mindanao and the Conflict Between the Philippine Government and the Moro Rebels
• Secession


  Breaking away from a territory or group in power and creating a separate entity usually caused by disagreements over customs, government, or land
• The roots of the secessionist movement in Mindanao can be traced back to centuries of historical grievances, including marginalization, economic disparities, and cultural differences between the Muslim majority population in Mindanao and the predominantly Catholic Filipino government
• Earlier conflicts between the Christians and Muslims- colonizers pitted Christianized Filipinos against Muslims to conquer resource-rich Mindanao in the classic divide-and-rule strategy
• Male Attire


  • Typically includes a collarless, short-sleeved jacket of varying colors denoting rank, such as red for a datu
  • A babag, a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and between the legs for modesty
  • A headgear known as putong, consisting of a cloth wrapped around the head
• Female Attire


  • Wore an upper part, called baro or camisa (a jacket with sleeves) and a lower part, known as saya or patadyong, was a loose skirt
  • A tapis, a piece of red or white cloth, is often wrapped around the waist for additional coverage
• Ornaments


  • Armlets
  • Pendants
  • Bracelets
  • Gold rings
  • Earrings
  • Leglets
• Gold fillings in teeth were also common
• Tattooing was a popular practice among both genders, with men considering it a symbol of valor and women using it to enhance beauty
• Traditional Filipino houses


  • Typically made of wood, bamboo, nipa palm, or cogon grass
  • Elevated with lower sections used for storage and animal enclosures
  • Some groups, like the longots, Kalingas, Bagobos, and Mandayas, built houses on tree tops for protection
  • The Bajaos of Sulu lived on boats due to their sea-based lifestyle
• Social Classes


  • Nobles
  • Freemen
  • Dependents
• Nobles


  In the Tagalog region, they usually carried the title of gat or lakan and they usually enjoyed great political and social rights in the barangays
• Freemen


  Next to the nobles came the freemen, known as maharlika by the Tagalogs and timawa by the Bisayans
• Dependents


  Occupying the lowest stratum, called alipin by the Tagalogs, olipon by the Bisayans, and adipon by the Ilocanos
• Types of Dependents (TAGALOG)


  • Aliping namamahay
  • Aliping sagigilid
• Aliping namamahay


  Essentially serfs rather than slaves because they had their own property, lived in their houses, could marry without their master's consent, and could not be sold
• Aliping sagigilid


  The real dependents or slaves who owned no property, lived in their master's houses, could not marry without their master's consent, and could be sold anytime
• Types of Dependents (BISAYA)


  • Ayuey
  • Tumarampok
  • Tumataban
• Ayuey


  Served their master within his house and worked three days for their master
• Tumarampok


  Lived in their own houses and worked one day for their master