SS4 4th qua

• A policy is a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government, or a political party
• Policy making is a four player pursuit refereed by the media where the public, NGOs, experts, and the private sectors jostle for power and influence that they overlook the public watching from the sidelines
• Public policy is a tool used by the government to address and meet societal issues and concerns for the benefit and common good of its poeple
• The Political Systems Theory focuses on the political groups in power and interested in what the people want and what the government produces
• Group Theory focuses on how the groups in power mobilize to achieve positive outcome or the success of a policy
• Elite Theory focuses on the structure or system that benefits the needs of the elite groups rather than the public in general which produces outputs through a political compromise based only on personal visions
• Institutionalism focuses on how the government institutions affect the outcomes which involves the formal and legal aspects of the process
• Rational Choice Theory focuses on economics and how everyone acts on their own interests as a rational actor and maximizes social gain
• Game Theory focuses on the idea of competition and cooperation that will result in the formation of incentives to a greater satisfaction of all
• State actors are a political unit with the ultimate authority or sovereignty over an area of territory and the people in it.
• The primary task of state actors is to ensure security and protection for their citizens by providing social security, healthcare, transportation, education, and many more services well beyond law enforcement
• Non-State Actors are organized groups or individuals that are partly independent of a sovereign state.
• Non-state actors contribute to many various aspects of state development. According to Joven 2017, the NSA has influence in the legislation and contributes to the implementation of certain government projects or government decisions regarding urgent matters.
• Rise of Non-state actors: The inability and failure of states to live up to their role; providing essential services and maintaining their social contract with the people they govern.
• Non-violent non-state actors: Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), International Non-Government Organization (INGOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), and religious organizations
• Violent non-state actors: rebel groups and terrorist groups
• In the Philippines, the CSOs are the most active non-state actors that help hand and hand with the government in the development of the country.
• The Civil Society Organizations or NSAs fight against government abuses, specifically, those that harm both the government and the national interest and society.
• The Civil Society Organizations or NSAs also serve as the guardians of the environment, actively fighting to preserve the environment by filing petitions regarding the issuance of the writ of kalikasan.
• Social Media or Social Networking Sites (SNS) in the Philippines play a big part and role in society as it provides all the information we need, and helps people and organizations remain connected and updated on everything that is happening in the country
• The occurrence of SNS in politics had made candidates and public officials more accountable and available to the electorate.
• Posts on social media could influence people's standpoints on issues and how they perceive public officials serving the community.
• Political socialization refers to the process whereby a person develops his/her political beliefs, behavior, and values
• The acquisition of political knowledge is at large, a one-way process wherein the young people develop their perspectives and political orientation.
• Political socialization is catalyzed by external variables that include parents, school, peers, media, public opinion, and other institutions, which contribute to the formation of one's political preference
• Media is a platform through which information, especially those of which are public concern, are disseminated to the different parts of the country
• Media stimulates citizen awareness and participation
• Media can be classified into: broadcast media, printed media, outdoor media, and social media
• broadcast media: the traditional forms of media like the television and radio
• printed media: includes newspapers, magazines, and other forms of printed material
• outdoor media: aimed at reaching consumers through marketing platforms like billboards
• social media: interactive technologies like facebook, instagram, twitter, which speeds up information-sharing through virtual communities or groups
• The power of the people is not just confined to the election.
• three (3) systems of Initiative: 1.) Initiative on the Constitution, 2.) Initiative on the Statutes and 3.) Initiative on Local Legislation
• The start of the process of an initiative is to get the required number of signatures of registered voters.
• “at least 10% of the total registered voters in the Philippines should sign the petition for a new law and it also requires the signature of at least 3% of registered voters in each legislative district”
• If the required signatures are reached then they will be submitted to the Comelec for validation and verification of the signatures.
• After that, they will publish the “petition for initiative” in major newspapers so the public may know it. Finally, a referendum will be done.
• A referendum or plebiscite is an “electoral process by which an initiative on the Constitution is approved or rejected by the people”
• In order for the proposal to become a law, it must be approved by the “majority of votes cast”