GLOBAL MIGRATION

• Global migration


  Movement of people from one place to another around the world
• Overview of global migration

  • Strengthening of overall population mobility on local, regional, national and global scales
  • Changes in the scope and direction of migration
  • Changes in structural characteristics and increasing number of determining factors and consequences
  • Emergence of new forms of migration as a result of intensifying pace of globalization
• The total number of migrants in the world (internal and external) in the first decade of the 21 century reached the highest value in history and is around one billion, with small, but continuous increase in share of total population
• Migrants


  Any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or within a state away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of: (a) the person's legal status: (b) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary; (c) whatever the causes for the movement are: and (d) whotever the length of the stay is
• Types of migration

  • Internal migration
  • International migration
• Internal migration


  Movement within a state or country, such as from urban to rural areas
• International migration


  Movement of people from one country to another, like from the Philippines to the USA
• Types of international migration

  • Immigration
  • Emigration
• Immigration


  Moving into a country of which one is not a native
• Emigration


  Leaving one's country to move to another
• Brain drain


  A situation where all or the majority of intelligent, skilled or capable resources within a given field or geographic region leave the area because of various factors including lack of high-paying jobs
• Factors underlying global movement

  • Socio-political factors
  • Economic factors
  • Ecological factors
• Socio-political factors


  • Rising communal violence worldwide, often as a result of ethnic or religious intolerance
  • Warfare or the threat of conflict
  • Politicking of religious and ethnic identities leading to conflict within states
  • Lack of ability of states undergoing political transition to properly respond to social instability
• Economic factors

  • Labor standards, unemployment situation and overall health of a country's economy
  • Prospect of higher wages and better employment opportunities in other countries
  • Disparity in salaries and wages between developing and developed countries leading to south-north migration
  • Increasing prevalence of south-south migration due to lower barriers
• Ecological factors

  • Climate change intensifying the impacts of social, political and economic push factors
  • Disruption to agriculture, food and water resources leading to migration
  • Potential for social issues arising when different groups are forced to intermingle due to climate change
• Types of migrants

  • Humanitarian migrants (asylum seekers and refugees)
  • Economic migrants
• Humanitarian migrants

  • Generally move to the nearest safe country that accepts asylum seekers, may undertake a second migration to a country with more liberal approaches
• Economic migrants


  • Have a greater degree of choice in determining their destination, move to countries that require their skills or have better conditions than their country of origin
• Over the past decade, south-south migration has become increasingly common, accounting for 36% of all international migration in 2013
• Circular migration, where individuals migrate between an origin and a destination on several separate occasions, can have positive development outcomes
• Longer being able to support human settlement
• Individuals engaged in agriculture could be forced to find alternative forms of employment as their land is no longer capable of producing or sustaining viable quantities of goods
• Food and water prices are likely to increase in parts of the region due to greater scarcity of these resources
• These burdens place additional strain upon the capacity of the state to ensure welfare for all and, in some cases, maintain its stability
• The observable impacts of climate change are likely to become more apparent over the course of the next decade
• States must utilize this time to prepare for the increased migratory flows that will be a consequence of the inevitable disruption that will occur over the next century
• Climate change will have an impact upon water resources, agriculture, food security, public health and, in some instances, threaten the very existence of some states
• The impacts of climate change will be most apparent in developing countries which lack the wherewithal to adequately address, or adapt to, the changing environment
• Food and water security are expected to become more salient issues over the coming decades
• The most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report suggests that climate change will have its largest impact upon food security by the middle of this century
• Regions that can no longer sustain agriculture are likely to experience rural to urban migration or, in some cases, increased levels of international emigration
• Increasing water insecurity in parts of the IOR, especially, has the potential to influence international migration
• Individuals who are severely impacted by changing ecological conditions may choose to migrate from their home state in search of more favorable environmental conditions elsewhere
• Those who choose to emigrate due to more frequent or more destructive natural disasters may identify as climate refugees and seek asylum in other countries less affected by climatic extremes
• Climate refugees


  People who have to leave their habitats immediately or in the near future, because of sudden or gradual alterations in their natural environment related to at least one of three impacts of climate change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and drought and water scarcity
• The United Nations prefers to use the term environmental migrant
• Fearing that it is now too late to take action to prevent climate change the international community is preparing measures for adaptation
• Environmental migration is one such adaptation measure that must be taken into greater consideration by the international community
• Increasing levels of intolerance, economic disparities between countries, as well as the threat of climate change and its associated impacts are all key factors that drive immigration and population movements
• Types of factors that influence population movements and immigration

  • Pull factors
  • Push factors