SITEWORK

• Typical structure frame

  • Load/post
  • Floor
  • Joists/beams
  • Girders/beams
  • Column/post
  • Foundations
  • Site
• Kinds of load applied on a building

  • Dead loads
  • Live loads
  • Wind loads
  • Other loads
• Dead loads


  Fixed, static loads made up of the building's own structure, skin, equipment, and other fixed elements
• Live loads


  Moving or transient loads such as occupants, furnishing, rain snow and ice
• Wind loads


  Pressure from wind that affects lateral loads as well as possible uplift forces or downward pressure
• Other loads


  Impart loads, shock waves, vibrations and seismic loads
• Foundation


  Lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or wholly below the surface of the ground, designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit the loads directly to the earth
• Footing


  Part of the foundation bearing directing upon the supporting soil
• How foundation work


  1. Loads of the building/structure are transmitted down, vertically through the columns

  2. Column connected to a footing which spreads the load over a wide enough area of soil provided that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded

  3. Soil pushes up against the footing causing tension at the bottom side of the footing and compression on the top side

  4. Reinforced concrete footings have reinforcing bars at the bottom because the steel resists the tension while the concrete at the top resists the compression
• Soil test/geotechnical report is required for three storeys and up
• Building settlement


  Settlement often refers to the downward movement of the ground around an excavated space
• Types of building settlement

  • Uniform settlement
  • Differential settlement
• Foundation types


  • Shallow foundation
  • Deep foundation
• Shallow foundation


  Constructed by manually or mechanically excavating the site until the depth of the footing is reached, less expensive than deep foundations and commonly used when good soil conditions exist within a few stories below the substructure
• Shallow foundation types

  • Isolated footings
  • Continuous footings
  • Strip footings
  • Combined footings
  • Mat footings
  • Ribbed mat
• Deep foundation


  Used when the soil underlying a shallow foundation is unstable or too soft, they extend down to where the earth is hard enough
• Deep foundation types

  • Caisson foundations
  • Pile foundations
• Loads of the building/structure - are transmitted down, vertically through the columns
• Column - connected to a footing which spreads the load over a wide enough area of soil provided that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded
• Soil - pushes up against the footing causing tension at the bottom side of the footing and compression on the top side
• Wall - The vertical part of a structure between two floors or levels; it may be made up of several courses of masonry or other material such as reinforced concrete
• Footing - A concrete slab placed at the base of a column or wall to distribute its weight over an adequate area of soil.
• Reinforced concrete slab-on-grade - used as a structural element in buildings and other structures such as bridges, parking lots, runways, etc.
• Slabs can be cast monolithic with walls, columns, and other parts of the structure or poured separately
• Footing - resists this upward force by pushing back with an equal amount of pressure (reaction)
• Slabs on grade - Flat horizontal surfaces supported directly on the ground without any intermediate support
• Reinforced concrete footings - have reinforcing bars at the bottom because the steel resists the tension while the concrete at the top resists the compression
• Drilled Shaft (Bored Pile) - Drilling equipment is used to excavate a hole in the ground. Concrete is then poured into the hole to form a shaft. Reinforcing bars are added to increase the strength of the pile.
• Ramp - An inclined plane providing accessibility from one level to another
• Drilled piers - Drilling is done using a drill rig which bores holes through rock and hard soils
• Pile foundation - Piles are long cylindrical members that extend deep into the earth below the frost line
• Elevator - A vertical transportation system that moves people between floors using hydraulics or electric motors
• Prestressed Concrete Piles - A prestressing process is applied to the piles prior to installation. This involves applying high tensile stresses to the reinforcement bars within the pile using hydraulic jacks. The pre-stressing process increases the compressive strength of the pile and reduces its deflection under load.
• Augercast pile - The augers are rotated until they reach the required depth, then concrete is pumped down the center of the augers
• Screw Pile Foundation - Screws are driven directly into the ground without any concrete. They can be easily removed if necessary.
• Concrete caisson - A large box made out of reinforced concrete that is sunk into the ground using a crane
• Geotechnical Engineering - Geotechnical engineering deals with soil mechanics, site investigations, geology, and related fields concerned with the design and construction of foundations, retaining walls, tunnels, slopes, embankments, dams, levees, and other structures.
• Driven steel pipe pile - Steel pipes are driven into the ground with a pile driving machine
• Metal studs - Lightweight, hollow tubes made of galvanized steel, commonly used in construction for load-bearing walls and partitions
• Vibratory hammer driven pile - Vibration energy is used to drive the pile into the ground by attaching it to a vibrating head on top of the pile driver