PR1

• Conceptual Framework


  The text that explains the research paradigm
• Research Paradigm


  The illustration or graph of the flow of your variables
• Scope and Delimitations


  • Locale of the Study
  • Participants
  • Time Frame
• Research Locale


  Provide details on the locale of your study
• Participants and Sampling


  Who will be your participants and how did you decide on choosing them?
• Data Collection Procedure


  Explain the process on how you are going to conduct your interview
• Data Analysis Procedure


  Explain how are you going to analyze the results
• Ethical Considerations


  Consent forms, request for approval, etc.
• Review of Related Literature


  Writing the Review of Related Literature
• Characteristics of a Good RRL


  • Materials must be as recent as possible
  • Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible
  • Materials must be relevant to the study
  • Materials must not be too few but not too many
• Types of Sources


  • Primary Sources (e.g. journal articles)
  • Secondary Sources (e.g. textbooks, encyclopedias, yearbooks)
• Steps in Writing the RRL


  1. Searching for reliable, accurate, and up-to-date material on the topic or subject

  2. Reading and summarizing the key points from this literature

  3. Synthesizing these key ideas, theories, and concepts into a summary of what is known

  4. Discussing and evaluating these ideas, theories, and concepts

  5. Identifying particular areas of debate or controversy

  6. Preparing the ground for the application of these ideas to new research
• Types of Materials


  • Books
  • Magazines
  • Newspaper
  • Computer
  • Journal
  • Film
• Citation Styles


  • APA (American Psychological Association)
  • MLA (Modern Language Association)
  • CHICAGO/TURABIAN
• Styles or Format of Writing RRL


  • Chronological
  • Broad to Specific
  • Major Models or Major Theories
  • Prominent Authors
  • Contrasting Schools of Thought
• Chronological


  Organize it in stages of how the topic has changed: the first definitions of it, then major time periods of change as researchers talked about it, then how it is thought about today
• Broad-to-Specific


  Start with a section on the general type of issue you're reviewing, then narrow down to increasingly specific issues in the literature until you reach the articles that are most specifically similar to your research question, thesis statement, hypothesis, or proposal
• Major Models or Major Theories


  Outline the theories or models that are applied the most in your articles
• Prominent Authors


  Group the famous authors/researchers and what each is known to have said about the topic
• Contrasting Schools of Thought


  Group your literature review by those schools of thought and contrast the differences in their approaches and ideas
• 3 Ways of Citing


  • Parenthetical
  • Narrative
  • Introductory
• Direct Quoting


  Introduce the quote with an in-text citation in parentheses
• Referencing


  Acknowledging the sources you have used in your writing
• Qualitative Research Methods


  • Narrative Research
  • Ethnography
  • Case Study
  • Grounded Theory
  • Phenomenology
• Phenomenology


  • Examines human experiences through the descriptions provided by the people involved
  • The goal is to describe the meaning that experiences hold for each subject
  • Used to study areas in which there is little knowledge
• Ethnography


  • Involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups
  • Trying to show how actions in one world make sense from the point of view of another world
  • Learning from people
  • Systematic process of observing, detailing, describing, documenting, and analyzing the lifeways or particular patterns of a culture (or subculture) in order to grasp the lifeways or patterns of the people in their familiar environment
• Grounded theory


  • Qualitative research approach developed by Glaser and Strauss
  • Data are collected and analyzed and then a theory is developed that is grounded in the data
  • Uses both an inductive and a deductive approach to theory development
  • Constructs and concepts are grounded in the data and hypotheses are tested as they arise from the research
• Narrative analysis


  • Researchers use it to understand how research participants construct stories and narratives from their own personal experiences
  • There is a dual layer of interpretation - participants interpret their own lives through narrative, then the researcher interprets the construction of that narrative
  • Narratives can be derived from journals, letters, conversations, autobiographies, transcripts of in-depth interviews, focus groups, or other types of narrative qualitative research
• Case studies


  • In-depth examinations of people or groups of people
  • Could also examine an institution
  • May be considered as quantitative or qualitative research depending on the purpose and design
  • Data may be collected through various means such as questionnaires, interviews, observations, or written accounts by the subjects
• Sampling Methods


  • Probability Sampling
  • Non-Probability Sampling
• Sampling


  • The process of selecting the sample or a portion of the population
  • A sample is a subset of the population elements
  • Representativeness refers to how well the sample represents the population
• Non-Probability Sampling


  • Consecutive Sampling
  • Quota Sampling
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Purposive Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
• Cluster sampling


  1. Draw a random sample of business schools in the National Capital Region

  2. Obtain a sample of students from the selected schools

  3. Final selection from within a cluster may also be performed by simple or stratified random sampling
• Convenience sampling


  • Practical when some data is better than no data
  • Participant availability, speed, and keeping research costs low take priority over employing precise sampling techniques
  • Not practical when any data used in your research needs to be definitive, representative, and unbiased
• Consecutive sampling


  • Very similar to convenience sampling except that it seeks to include all accessible subjects as part of the sample
  • Considered the best type of non-probability sampling
  • Researcher selects a sample or group of people and conducts research over a period before moving on to the next sample or group
  • Allows researchers to refine their research and make essential observations
• Snowball sampling


  • Initial sample members are asked to refer other people who meet the criteria required by the researcher
  • Based on the assumption that people who share the same traits or experiences know each other
  • Useful for finding participants who are hard to find
• Quota sampling


  • Researcher identifies population sections or strata and decides how many participants are required from each section
  • Allows a better representation of each of the units in the population
  • Stratification is usually based on variables that are relevant to the study
• Purposive sampling


  • Used when participants are grouped according to a set of criteria specified in a research
  • Kinds: typical, critical, homogenous, theoretical, extreme case, opportunistic, confirming, maximal variation, snowball
• Interview


  • Generally a qualitative research technique that involves asking open-ended questions to converse with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject
  • Types: structured, semi-structured, unstructured
  • Approaches: individual, grouped, mediated
• Steps in doing an interview

  1. Getting to know each other

  2. Give the participants an idea of what the research is all about

  3. Start the interview process

  4. Conduct the interview proper

  5. Ending the interview

  6. Reflecting on thoughts after the interview