Cell (Water and pH)

• Major buffers of blood are Bicarbonate and Hemoglobin.
• The normal pH range of arterial blood is 7.35 to 7.45.
• Their genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed within a membrane.

  Prokaryotes
• They lack membrane-bound organelles.

  Prokaryotes
• Their DNA is not associated with histone proteins.

  Prokaryotes
• Histone is a special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes.
• Their cell walls usually contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan.

  Prokaryotes
• They usually divide through binary fission.

  Prokaryotes
• Binary fission is the process where the DNA is copied and the cell splits into two.
• Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm.

  Prokaryotes
• Also known as mRNA Synthesis.

  Transcription
• Also known as Protein Synthesis.

  Translation
• Has true nuclear membrane, which bind/enclose the nucleus and DNA.

  Eukaryotes
• Contain membrane-bound organelles.


  Eukaryotes
• Closely associated with histones.

  Eukaryotes
• No peptidoglycans.

  Eukaryotes
• Divide by mitosis. They have mitotic apparatus.

  Eukaryotes
• Transcription: nucleus mRNA is translocated into the cytoplasm into the cytoplasm to be translated by ribosomes.

  Eukaryotes
• The most characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells is the nucleus.
• The nucleus consists of a nucleoplasm surrounded by a double nuclear membrane pierced by nuclear pores.
• The role of the nucleus is three-fold:

  • Storage and protection of genome
  • Regulation of gene expression
  • Creation of ribosomes
• Membranes are lipid structures that separate the contents of the compartment they surround from its environment.
• True or False: The plasma membranes separate the cell from its environment.

  True
• True or False: Organelles have membranes that separate the internal compartment of the organelles from the cytoplasm.

  True
• The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer containing embedded and peripheral proteins.
• The major components of membranes is lipids.
• Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of higher to an area of lower water concentration through selectively permeable membrane.
• Vesicular transport is the transport of substance either into or out of the cell by means of small, spherical membranous sac.
• Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis that involves the nonselective uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid.
• The basic structural unit of the plasma membrane is the lipid bilayer.
• Cytoskeleton is the part of the cell that is described to be networks of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm, providing cellular shape and organizations.
• Integral proteins can function in the cell membrane in all the following ways:

  • As a channel
  • As a transporter
  • As a receptor
• Functions as ATP production.

  Mitochondria
• The following factors influence the diffusion rate of substances through a plasma membrane:

  • Concentration of the gradient
  • Temperature
  • Surface Area
  • Size of diffusing substance
• Stage when chromatin fibers condense and shorten to form chromosomes

  Prophase
• A patient seen in the ER has ingested antifreeze in a suicide attempt. Other than bicarbonate, which one of the following is the major buffer of acids to help maintain the pH in the blood within the range compatible with life?

  Hemoglobin
• Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm.
• Also known as Nuclear Division.

  Mitosis
• Also known as Cytoplasmic Division.

  Cytokinesis
• True or False: Carbon atoms are capable of forming stable bonds to other carbon atoms.

  True