AC4.1

• What is a formal policy?


  Linked to official ideas to prevent crime e.g. laws
• What is an informal policy?


  Unofficial ideas e.g. from parents or schools
• What are three examples of formal policies?


  Custodial sentences, community sentences and financial penalties
• What are three examples of informal policies?

  withholding pocket money, being grounded, detention at school
• Psychoanalysis


  Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
• What is free association?

  In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
• How successful is psychoanalysis?

  - It is time consuming and unlikely to provide answers quickly

  - It is expensive

  - Patients may have to relive traumatic events

  - It creates a power imbalance between the therapist and patient
• Behavior modification


  Behaviour modification focuses on techniques to extinguish

  undesirable behaviours and promote desirable ones
• The token economy


  A conditioning procedure where people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
• What is Token Economy also known as?

  Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme
• How successful is behavior modification?


  - Research has shown that token economies make prisoners more manageable whilst they are in prison

  - Studies show that once reinforcement stops, the 'good' behavior also stop as there is nobody there to keep rewarding them

  - There is an abuse in power in some cases where food and drink is withheld and used as a reward when it is a human right