pr quiz

• Conclusions


  Act as the "final say" of a study. This is where all implications, inferences, and confirmations are stated. A conclusion is not a summary of the study, but rather a culmination of all findings.
• What to do when writing conclusions

  • Restate your position
  • Emphasize subject importance
  • Offer suggestions
  • End on relevant quotes
• What not to do when writing conclusions


  • Introduce new material
  • Repeat your results and discussion
  • End on a cliff hanger
• Recommendations


  Suggestive, action statements intended for either fellow researchers, the general public, or for global advancement of information
• Characteristics of effective recommendations

  • Related
  • Relevant
  • Levelled
• Effective presentation


  • Message
  • Words and images
  • Rapport
  • Retention
  • Guides and scripts
• Font styles


  Serifs and sans serifs
• Data


  Present everywhere and can be analyzed to reach conclusions and make decisions
• Font size


  At least 28, can be read from 4 feet away
• Number of lines and text

  Key terms/phrases only, follow 7x7 rule
• Emphasis in text


  Bold, italicized, underlined, or different font color, but do not combine
• Methodology


  The overall approach to research, including the theoretical and philosophical assumptions upon which the research is based and that inform the research strategy and the methods chosen as part of that strategy
• Data


  Present everywhere and can be analyzed to reach certain conclusions and make decisions
• Data


  • Results
  • Discussion
• Images


  Relevant, communicate one idea per slide, SVG over bitmap, bitmap over PNG, PNG over JPEG, scale to avoid distortion
• Methods for Exploration


  1. _ _ _ _ _ _

  2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _
• Graphs and data


  Never include raw data, present summaries and visualizations
• Methods


  The specific techniques and procedures used to collect and analyze data
• Data Collection Procedure


  1. Setting boundaries (Sampling)

  2. Data Collection

  3. Establishing data management protocol
• Sampling


  The process by which a researcher identifies the representative of a population to be used in his/her study
• Areas of the research process where sampling decisions are applied

  • Case sampling - Identifying your target participants
  • Sampling groups of cases - Determining where you get these participants
  • Material sampling - Identifying which tools you will use on the participants to collect data
  • Sampling within the material - Determining what collected data will you use or analyze
  • Presentational sampling - Choosing which data should be used to represent the outcomes of the study
• Probability/Statistical Sampling


  • Used when an accurate representation of the entire population is needed in the sample
  • Gives all representatives of the entire population to be selected as a sample
  • Often used in quantitative research rather than qualitative research
  • Relies on a statistical analysis of the population
• Non-probability Sampling


  • Used when the population can not/does not need to be sampled to represent the target population and so individuals do not have an equal chance of being sampled
  • The researcher is selective of its population and sample
  • Often used in qualitative research rather than quantitative research
• Observation/Fieldwork


  A method that is used when a participant can be observed directly
• Types of Observations


  • Participant
  • Nonparticipant
  • Systematic/Structured
  • Unstructured
  • Simple/Contrived
• What to look for

  1. _ _ _ _ _ _

  2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _
• Participant Observation


  • The researcher is immersed for prolonged periods of time in the setting where the participants/phenomenon is to be observed
• Non-participant Observation


  • The researcher is NOT immersed in the setting or the participants are not aware of the researcher's presence
• Structured or Systematic Observation


  • The researcher establishes specific rules for the observation and schedule
  • The participant is informed ahead of time of these rules
• Methods for Validation


  1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _

  2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

  3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

  4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
• Unstructured Observation


  • There are no rules or guidelines set for the observation
  • Allows a more freeform or narrative means of data collection
• Simple and Contrived Observation

  • In simple observations, the researcher cannot change any factors in the setting
  • In contrived observations, the researcher can change or has control over some factors in the setting
• Based on Your:


  1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

  2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
• Data Cleaning/Preparation


  Transform data into manageable formats, identify relevant and usable data
• Observation Guide


  1. Determine the venue

  2. Prepare how you will enter the field

  3. Identify the things to observe

  4. Prepare means of data collection and what type of data you will collect
• Data Exploration


  1. Chunking

  2. Clustering

  3. Coding

  4. Memoing
• Observation


  • Researcher can change or has control over some factors in the setting
  • Useful when the goal is to see how participants react to specified situations
• Chunking


  Breaking down cleaned data and determining purpose of each part
• Observation Guide


  1. Determine the venue

  2. Prepare how you will enter the field

  3. Identify the things to observe

  4. Prepare means of data collection and what type of data you will collect

  5. Organize your data

  6. Define how long the observation is

  7. Determine when you will exit
• Clustering


  Classifying chunks according to labels or basic codes