deterministic and stochastic effects

• when biologic effects of radiation occur relatively soon after human exposure to a high dose of radiation

  early effect
• this appears within minutes, hours, days, or weeks, of the time of radiation exposure

  early somatic effects
• A severe amount of dose can cause a pattern of symptoms which referred to as radiation syndrome


  early somatic effects
• Nausea, Fatigue, Erythema, and Blood Disorder

  early somatic effects
• the amount of somatic and genetic damage depends on: number 1?

  the quantity of ionizing radiation to which the body is exposed
• the amount of somatic and genetic damage depends on: number 2?

  the ability of ionizing radiation to cause ionizations of human tissue
• the amount of somatic and genetic damage depends on: number 3?


  the amount of body area exposed
• the amount of somatic and genetic damage depends on: number 4?


  the specific part exposed
• when human body exposed to radiation experience biological damage, the effects of this exposure is classified as somatic effect

  somatic effects
• Depending on the length of time from the exposure to the first appearance of symptoms of radiation damage

  somatic effects
• If these effects are cell-killing and directly related to the dose received they are, as dose increased the severity of early effects are also increasedis called

  deterministic somatic effects
• A substantial dose of ionizing radiation is required to produce biological effect soon after exposure, the severity of these effects is dose dependent the higher the dose the more severe is the damage.

  deterministic somatic effects
• occur in human after whole body exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation in short period of time

  acute radiation syndrome
• symptoms of ARS

  Hematopoietic syndrome

  Gastrointestinal syndrome

  Cerebrovascular syndrome
• Response stages of ARS


  prodromal

  Latent period

  Manifest illness

  Recovery or death
• occur within hours after whole body absorbed dose of 1 Gy or more this stage is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and leukopenia

  prodromal or initial stage
• occur about 1 week after exposure during which no visible symptoms occur, during this period either recovery or lethal effects begin

  latent period
• the period when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and Cerebrovascular systems become visible.

  manifest illness
• means the whole body dose of radiation that can kill 50% of the exposed population within 30 days.

  lethal dose 50/30
• The LD 50/30 for adult human is estimated to be 3-4 Gy without medical support, for x-ray and gamma ray this is equal to an equivalent dose of 3-4 Sv, whole body dose greater than 6 Gy may cause the death of the entire population in 30 days
• Radiation doses in the range of approximately 200 to 1000

  rad (2 to 10 Gyt) produce the hematologic syndrome.
• The patient initially experiences mild symptoms of the prodromal syndrome, which appear in a matter of a few hours and may persist for several days.
• The latent period that follows can extend as long as 4 weeks and is characterized by a general feeling of wellness.
• There are no obvious signs of illness, although the number of cells in the peripheral blood declines during this time.

  latent period
• The period of manifest illness is characterized by possible vomiting, mild diarrhea, malaise, lethargy, and fever.