The key characteristics of research

• Quantitative

  Attempts to measure, count, quantify a problem and identify prevalence/patterns

  
  

  Can assign a measurement to data (numerical data)

  
  

  Samples are large and representative

  
  

  Analysis is statistical
• Qualitative Research

  • Attempts to understand underlying reasons, beliefs, and motivations and explain patterns.
  • Textual data
  • Samples are small and non-representative
  • Analysis is interpretive
• How is research different?​


  • Builds on previous work: Research relies on what others have discovered.

  
  

  • Uses well-tested and recognized methodologies: Research in social sciences employs established methods and techniques, such as surveys, experiments, interviews, and case studies, which have been proven to provide accurate results through continuous testing and trial and error.

  
  

  • Is methodical and rigorous: Research is meticulously planned to avoid mistakes or bias, from study design to data collection and analysis.
• How is research different?​ 2


  • Ethical research: It follows rules about what's right and fair, ensuring good treatment of people and research honesty.

  
  

  • Peer review: Experts in the field review the work to ensure it's done well, makes sense, and contributes to existing knowledge.

  
  

  • Replication: Replication ensures the results are real and trustworthy, especially in fields like psychology and social sciences.
• What does ‘structured enquiry’ actually mean?​

  Literature Review:

  • Essential for identifying knowledge gaps and understanding relevant ideas.

  • Helps lay the groundwork for the investigation.

  
  

  Concepts & Theories:

  • Develop conceptual frameworks and theories based on the literature review.

  • Helps organize ideas, define variables, and develop hypotheses.

  
  

  Research Questions:

  • Develop specific study questions or hypotheses based on the theoretical framework and literature review.

  • Clarity, concentration, and connection with the study's objectives are essential.
• What does ‘structured enquiry’ actually mean?​ 2


  Sampling Cases:

  • Select a group of people or cases to study from a larger group.

  • Selection depends on questions, resources, and the extent to which findings apply to everyone.

  
  

  Data Collection:

  • Gather information using surveys, interviews, experiments, or observations.

  • Use methods that fit the questions and what they're trying to learn.

  
  

  Data Analysis:

  • Use statistical analysis, thematic analysis, or content analysis to make conclusions and verify theories.

  • Use statistical software like SPSS or qualitative analysis tools like NVivo.
• Quantitative questionnaire design


  Think about the questionnaire layout & order of questions…:

  Use a clear font & font size

  Provide clear instructions

  ―From simple questions to more complex/specific

  
  

  
  

  Think about the wording & structure of questions…:

  ―Avoid double barrelled questions (questions that ask about two things)

  ―Avoid questions that include negatives (especially double negatives)

  ―Closed questions should be mutually exclusive & exhaustive