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• Microbiology


  The study of microorganisms and their activities (form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism, and their identification)
• Types of microbes

  • Pathogens - disease-causing microorganisms
  • Non-pathogens - harmless or has no effect upon us, beneficial
  • Indigenous microflora - microbes that live in our bodies (Skin, mouth, intestines, vagina)
• Two Major Categories of Microbes

  • Acellular Infectious Agents
  • Cellular Microorganisms
• Acellular Infectious Agents

  • Prions
  • Viruses
• Cellular Microorganisms

  • Procaryotes
  • Archea
  • Bacteria
  • Eucaryotes
  • Algae
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
• Pathogens and the diseases they cause

  • Algae - intoxications
  • Bacteria - Anthrax, botulism, cholera, diphtheria, etc.
  • Fungi - Allergies, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, etc.
  • Protozoa - African sleeping sickness, amebic dysentery, etc.
  • Viruses - AIDS, "bird flu", chicken pox, etc.
• Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases
• 10 B new infections/year worldwide
• 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide
• Related Fields

  • Bacteriology
  • Mycology
  • Parasitology
  • Pathology
  • Phycology
  • Protozoology
  • Rickettsiology
  • Virology
• Branches of Study Within Microbiology

  • Immunology
  • Public health microbiology and epidemiology
  • Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
• Practical Applications of Microbiology

  • Important in medicine and allied health fields
  • To educate students as to existence of microorganisms—describe their anatomy and physiology--- how they can be controlled
  • Relationship between microbes and humans from hospital situation
• Beneficial Effects of Microbes

  • Use as laboratory specimen
  • Used for food purposes
  • Fermentation
  • Production of lactobaccillus
  • Good source of fertilizers
  • Baking industry
  • Production of medicines organic solvents, beverages, enzymes and pesticides
• Ways Microbes Benefit Humans

  • Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environment (sewage treatment plants)
  • Microbes produce various food products (cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olives, yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread, beer, wine, alcohol)
  • Produce Antibiotics (Penicillin)
  • Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs, but cannot synthesize (B vitamins, Vitamin K)
  • Biochemistry and Metabolism
  • Microbial Antagonism
  • Insect Pest Control
  • Bioremediation
  • Recombinant DNA Technology
  • Microbes form the basis of the food chain
• Products requiring Microbial participation to the manufacturing process

  • Foods
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Chemicals
  • Antibiotics
• Microbes are Involved in

  • Nutrient production and energy flow
  • Decomposition
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetic engineering
  • Bioremediation
  • Infectious disease
• Robert Hooke


  Observed "little boxes" - "cells"
• Cell Theory


  All living things are made up of cells
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek


  Dutch linen merchant, 1st person to actually see living microorganisms, single-lens magnified up to 300X, observed "wee animalcules"
• Theories on the origin of microorganisms

  • Spontaneous generation - theory of development of living forms from non-living matter
  • Biogenesis - cell can only arise from preexisting cells
• Advocates of Spontaneous Generation

  • Aristotle - thought that animals could originate from the soil
  • John Needham - observed the appearance of the microorganisms in putrefying meat and interpreted this as spontaneous generation
• Advocates of Biogenesis

  • Rudolph Virchow - cell can only arise from preexisting cells
  • Abbe Lazaro - boiled beef broth for an hour, sealed the flasks and observed no formation of microbes
  • Theodore Schwann - passed the air through red hot tubes and observed no growth
  • Schroeder and Von Dusch - filtered air through cotton filter into broth and observed no growth
  • Louise Pasteur - filtered microorganisms from the air and concluded that this was the source of contamination, developed the chicken cholera vaccine, Father of bacteriology
  • John Tyndall - proved that dust carried germs, found out that bacterial spores could be killed by successive heating
• Other scientists who contributed to the development of microbiology

  • Joseph Lister - demonstrated the value of spraying operating rooms with aqueous phenol, Father of antiseptic surgery, developed the first pure culture technique
  • Robert Koch - isolated the causative agents of anthrax, TB, and cholera, developed pure culture methods
  • Edward Jenner - developed the cowpox vaccine
  • Gaffky - isolated the causative agent of typhoid fever
  • Iwanosky - discovered the tobacco mosaic disease
  • Alexander Fleming - discovered penicillin
  • Waksman - discovered streptomycin
  • Edward Jenner - discovered vaccination
  • Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes - observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospital
  • Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis - correlated infections with physicians coming directly from autopsy room to maternity ward
• Nosocomial Infections - infections acquired during stay in hospital
• Divisions of Microbiology

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Industrial Microbiology
  • Agricultural Microbiology
  • Food Microbiology
  • Dairy microbiology
  • Water sanitation
• Major Characteristics of Microorganisms

  • Morphological Characteristics
  • Cultural / colonial characteristics
  • Metabolic/Biochemical Characteristics
  • Chemical composition characteristics
  • Antigenic characteristics
  • Genetic characteristics
• 5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms

  • Not provided
• Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

  Not provided
• Systematics


  The science of developing an orderly arrangement of the species within each major category of organisms
• Taxonomy


  Concerned with the classification or systematic arrangement of organisms into groups or categories
• Three parts of taxonomy

  • Organizing
  • Classifying
  • Naming living things
• Formal system originated by Carl von Linne (1701-1778)
• Levels of Classification

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • species
• 3 Domains

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
• Woese-Fox System
• Taxonomic Classification Example

  • Kingdom - Animalia
  • Phylum - Chordata
  • Class - Mammalia
  • Order - Primate
  • Family - Hominidae
  • Genus - Homo
  • species - sapien
• Terms for Microorganisms

  • Microbes
  • Germs
• Specific names of Bacteria

  Bacteria for each distinct kind are recognized as a species, given a name consisting of two words (Genus - noun, always capitalized; Species - adjective, lowercase), both italicized or underlined
• Common Names of Bacteria

  • Gonococcus - Neisseria gonorrhea
  • Tubercle bacillus - Myocobacterium tuberculosis
  • Diptheria bacillus - Corynebacterium diptheriae
  • Typhoid bacillus - Salmonella typhi
• Evolution - living things change gradually over millions of years